Ahmad, Diana L., University of Dallas

"Smoking Opium: A Chinese Vice Spreads into Texas, 1870-1900"

Unlike California or Nevada, Texas contained few Chinese residents, yet the complaints against them remained remarkably like those in the Far West. One of the reasons for those grievances was the opium smoking habit of the Chinese. Opium dens followed the Chinese movement into Texas just as they had followed Chinese miners into the Sierra Nevada Mountains from California. Soon after the arrival of the Chinese, numerous Texas communities, including El Paso, Galveston, and Fort Worth, passed anti-opium smoking ordinances. Citizens of Texas believed it was essential to stop the so-called Chinese "vice" from spreading and "corrupting" Anglo-Americans in the state. The passage of the ordinances and regulations against opium smoking reflected the desire of Texans to maintain the Victorian value structure long practiced in the United States. They feared the drug's alleged physical and behavioral side effects, including racial degeneration. Texas hoped to lead the nation into the twentieth century and any threat to that progress had to be stopped. As a result, the citizens of Texas sought the elimination of smoking opium and thereby the elimination of any threat to the future of Texas or the United States.

Aronson, Marilyn Carlson, Augustana College

"Morality Portrayed in Nathaniel Hawthorne's Pre-Modern Style Versus Flannery O'Connor's Modern Style"

Although a century separates their lives, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Flannery O'Connor, unlike many of their contemporaries, focus on morality in their stories. Each is a regional writer who transcends provincial myths and folklore to produce universal truths. Each writes out of his or her own history, utilizes symbols, deals with spiritual struggles, and creates a psychological center. Both writers portray morality so uniquely that they have carved out a place of great distinction in American literature. Hawthorne writes about individuals who suffer from inner conflicts caused by sin, pride, untested innocence, hidden guilt, perverse secrecy, cold intellectuality, and prolonged isolation. His stylistic ambiguities suggest that experiences cannot be measured or understood by surface appearances. O'Connor uses Christian dogma and the narrative power of the grotesque--a violent, bizarre distortion--to demonstrate morality in her stories. O'Connor focuses on human failure and degradation. Ironies abound in her work, and like Hawthorne's fiction, she presents complex experiences that cannot be tidily summarized

"Narrating Female Survival on the Western Frontier: The Life and Work of Writer Juliette Magill Kinzie, 1806-1870"

Long before Willa Cather or Laura Ingalls Wilder, there was Juliette Magill Kinzie, a largely forgotten writer whose style influenced generations of western literature in the late 19th century. Kinzie was one of the earliest figures to promote the romantic western narrative style. More importantly, she was one of the earliest writers to reflect the feminine experience on the midwestern frontier. Most of those experiences were shaped by her own life. Kinzie was born to a wealthy Connecticut family, given the finest education and cultural experiences, and, in 1827, married John Harris Kinzie, a rugged frontiersman who had grown up in the Illinois Territory.

While adapting to her new surroundings in the Chicago settlement, Kinzie began to write stories about the experiences of herself and other women she encountered. Some of these stories became the basis for her most famous work, "Wau-bun, The ‘Early Day’ in the North-west" (1856), a personal account of life as a frontier wife. Though "Wau-bun" is laced with much of the racially biased language and tendency towards exaggeration typical of many western novels of the time, it offers a fascinating record of the experiences that shaped women in the West, and especially of the adjustments that some women had to make to their surroundings.

Euro-American accounts of history of the U.S.-Mexico border region. The focus of this last section is on the element of migration as experienced by inhabitants of the U.S.-Mexico border region. The paper introduces various theoretical remedies to the complex history of the U.S.-Mexico border region, adopting an interdisciplinary approach of negotiating pragmatics and theory.

"Where the Wild Things Are: Charles Wilkes and the Image of the Far West"

Lt. Charles Wilkes went to the Far West in 1841 as part of a greater exploration of the Pacific. Wilkes and his crew expected to find the Oregon country a verdant garden—virgin soil awaiting the yeoman farmer—but instead encountered a landscape that appeared desperately in need of order. The Far West was lush but overgrown; its resources were locked in a tangled wilderness whose abundance corrupted the settlers, and made them lazy, indolent, and wasteful. The land blossomed, however, in the wake of strong organizational structures such as Britain's Hudson's Bay Company in Oregon, and the Catholic missions in California. Unlike his contemporaries in the 1840s, Wilkes advocated the expansion of American institutions, especially the military, before the expansion of settlers. Only with discipline and order would the Far West ever be a suitable home for the American yeomanry.

"Americans Abroad: American Studies Students Studying in Europe"

This paper is based on 20 in-depth interviews with American students studying at the University of Pais Vasco, Bilbao, Spain in academic year 1997-98. Within the social sciences and literature, there is a tradition of examining what it means to be a stranger, outside one's own culture, unknown. Young Americans abroad are not only strangers who create their own English-speaking student enclave, but must confront various kinds of deeply held "truths" about Americans held by Europeans. Mostly unflattering, these truths are the price of the massive export of American popular culture. I conducted interviews with students in April, May and June of this year on what being an American abroad felt like, how their perceptions of themselves had been altered, and how they felt on the cusp of re-entering the U.S.

"Nuggets of Truth in the Southwest: The High Tide of Art in Barbara Kingsolver's Border Crossings"

Novelist, essayist, and poet; book reviewer and author of nonfiction; evolutionary biologist, eco-critic, and political activist--Barbara Kingsolver is all of these. While she has been charged with sentimentality, chided for being too politically correct, and praised for emphasizing the need for community and cooperation, it is her remarkable literary art that has enabled her to be an articulate voice of affirmation in our cynical age. By examining her artful humor and affirmative tone in "The Bean Trees" and other selected works, I propose to demonstrate that this Kentucky-born writer, employing a Southwest locale, reveals cogently through her characters how inevitable border crossings, whether geographical, ethnic, psychic, or ideological, may provide insights into human nature, can be life affirming, and hence may be a source of encouragement to readers.

Gilmer, B. Ron II, Florida State University

"Mormon Apocalypse in a Postmodern Western: Critical Reflections on Peter Rock's ‘This is the Place’"

Peter Rock, in his first novel, provides us with a narrative that embellishes one of the most intriguing geographical facts in the history of the American West--the fact that Utah and Nevada border one another. Between the statue of Brigham Young in Utah which proclaims that "this is the place" and the sign welcoming visitors to Nevada which markets itself with the same words is the story of an aged casino dealer from Nevada who is infatuated with a Mormon woman from Utah. At the center of the narrative is a series of conflicts defined with respect to religion, class, and gender. After a thorough analysis of each of these elements of the novel, I suggest that what Rock has constructed is a postmodern apocalypse in the context of a postmodern western.

Black/Jewish relations continue to be an ever popular topic of conversation within both academia and popular culture The quantity of this scholarship with ins focus on New York, conflict, Blew anti-Semitism and Jewish racism, has contributed little understanding the complexity of a Black/Jewish history. This paper tells a different story of Blacks and Jews: a narrative of democratic allies creating a coalition despite the Watts Riot, and rising accusations of Black anti-Semitism and Jewish paternalism. In building on Raphael Sonenshein's work, this paper explores the importance of self-interest, ideology, and leadership within the Los Angeles experience. That, in other words, the specific historical circumstances in Los Angeles, which manufactured a common interest and ideology, as well as the dynamic leadership of the Bradley coalition, allowed for cooperation, not conflict. This paper will focus on 1965-1975, examining the narrative of Black and Jewish Los Angeles from Watts to Bradley.

"‘I . . . Found Myself Once More a Stranger in a Strange Land’: Utah Mormons and Late Nineteenth century Protestant Home Missionaries"

This study is unique for two reasons. First, this is the first systematic study of this topic based on the social construct of "the stranger." Secondly, this is the first to examine this issue from a Mormon perspective. Missionaries are a unique example of "the stranger" in that they seek deliberately to convert the larger society in which they live. Following the Civil War and the abolition of slavery, some evangelical Christians sought to destroy the other "relic of barbarism" in the nation--polygamy. Toward that end, home missionaries went to Utah to convert (or re-convert) Mormons to mainline Protestants beliefs. The Latter day Saints simply wanted to be left alone to practice their religion and responded in a variety of ways ranging from the benign to the violent. This paper relies on the Mormon-operated Deseret Evening News and other LDS sources to provide a point of view not found in other research

"Full Circle: Elementary and Secondary Education Politics and Policies of Lyndon Johnson and Bill Clinton"

In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, the first large-scale federal aid to the nation's schools. Today, the schools receiving assistance from Southern Democrat Bill Clinton look remarkably similar to those aided by Southern Democrat Lyndon Johnson: public (with minimal federal monies for nonpublic schools); racially segregated (with minimal federal action against de facto separation); largely dependent on state and local funding (with less than ten percent from the federal government); yet highly visible (a federal war on poverty has become a federal war on guns and drugs). In 1998 as in 1965, Americans have identified education as their primary domestic concern. This paper will examine how and why the Johnson and Clinton school aid policies have exhibited continuity as well as change.

This paper examines the differences between government policies that promote a free market economy with those that promote economic and social well-being for all residents. The assumption put forth is that states that concern themselves with improving the economic condition of all population groups will possess less signs of social and economic instability, which in turn should result in better economic performance. Wisconsin is offered to test this case. California, on the other hand, is offered as an example of a state government who encourages free market activities, and attempts to limit the size of government involvement. A presentation of the historical development of the two government styles is first offered, followed by a comparison of various economic and social indicators for each state for the last 25 years. Last, empirical testing of the relationship between government spending and both economic and social growth is conducted.

"Is Institutional Economics Pragmaticistic?"

There is a debate amongst institutional economists over the philosophical pedigree of institutional economics. While there is broad agreement that institutional economics is indebted to Pragmatism, there is serious disagreement about what this indebtedness entails. Many of these debates take the form of providing justification for the claim that one influential pragmatist or another was the true founder of the methods and foundational philosophical principles of institutional economics. Such approaches to the philosophical history and underpinnings of institutional economics are flawed primarily in two ways. First, they presuppose that there is some set of features, methodological or teleological, that are shared by all accounts of institutional economics. Second, they assume that the philosophical methods appealed to and created by the pragmatists easily lend themselves to application in economics. This paper argues that both these claims are false, providing an analysis of the philosophical differences between Peirce and Commons as well as those between Dewey and Veblen.

"How is Welfare Reform Working?"

In 1996 the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) became law, replacing Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and the 61 year federal entitlement to welfare with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Since individual states, and often counties within states, have been given much discretion in developing policies and programs, it has become more difficult to keep track of welfare policy developments. This paper aims to survey the trends in welfare policy in the wake of welfare reform. Thus, this paper will look at some of the results of the PRWORA. This will include three main components: a brief look at the trends in the numbers of families receiving TANF and levels of payments; an assessment of how time limits are being implemented; and a more in-depth examination of the types of work programs and support services that have been developed. This, in turn, will focus on the range of community work experience and training programs, including the extent to which secondary education is being allowed as a work activity.

"Culture, Technological Learning and Economic Relations: The Evolution of Relations Between the Maori of New Zealand and Captain Cook During His First Voyage"

The paper will focus on the relations between the Maori and Captain Cook during his first voyage to New Zealand. The initial relations were confrontational, and the Maori were disinterested in the trade goods brought by Captain Cook to establish relations. Just prior to completing the circumnavigation of the North Island, Cook's flagship was pursued by Maori seeking to trade with the Europeans for iron. The paper examines the context and transformation of relations during the first voyage. The Maori treated Captain Cook by Maori rules. The initial relations were based on Captain Cook having no alliances, and no commodities valued by the Maori. Relations changed when the value of iron was discerned. The new relations, from the perspective of the Maori, were conducted according to Maori rules. From the perspective of the Europeans, the relations were conducted by European rules. Finally, an intriguing element of the evolution is the discernment of the value of iron, and its communication among the Maori. The Maori discerned the tool value of iron, and communicated that value, in a two month time span.

"A New Strategy for Institutional Change"

During most of the 20th century the Left around the world has focused on socialism as a goal--whether democratic centrally planned socialism or democratic market socialism. Only after socialism would society consider a utopia of free goods and services according to need. But there have been changes in both technology and ideology, making socialism more difficult to achieve, but perhaps making utopia easier! My proposal is to focus on free goods and services for all. We would clearly begin the campaign with free health care and free education at all levels, then consider the next steps, such as free basic foods for all--a set of revolutionary institutional reforms.

"Historical Institutions and Contemporary Problems in Transition Economies: Understanding the "Blood Revenge" Institution"

The blood revenge institution was created in the patrimonial society when a simple economy, communal interests, common property and mutual responsibility prevailed. Liability was limited to narrow frameworks of shared interests within which the knowledge of individuals' motives was required. Confidence in this knowledge built up this institution. Blood revenge is a social action which alternates between subject and object and legally functions as duty payment. The form this takes depends on the perceptions and experiences of persons who must fulfill that obligation. Having the same root as the cult of common ancestors and hearth, blood revenge shows that legal aspects of human conduct are expressed in obligations to the souls of ancestors and relatives. Outside of the patrimonial society, the blood revenge institution can exist through the practice of artificial cognition, as well as by political interests of the state.

"The Role of Economics in U.S. Federal Indian Policy"

This paper looks at the cyclical phases of principal U.S. federal Indian policy and analyzes the influence of non-Indian economic wants. The following phases will be discussed in some detail: The origins of national policy (1760-1788) and the eras of coexistence (1789-1828), removal (1829-1886), assimilation (1887-1932), reorganization (1933-1945), termination (1946-1960), and self-determination (1961-present). It is argued that non-Indian economic wants and desire for Indian resources exert a disproportional influence over Indian policy. The principles espoused in the era of self-determination indicate a fundamental shift in policy. Efforts to reconcile economics with these principles hold promise for federal Indian policies that lead to improved reservation economies and thriving Indian cultures. However, the question remains if the dominant culture is willing to bear the costs of adherence to the goals of self-determination when confronted with adverse economic conditions.

"Public Policy Toward Labor in a Global Economic Environment"

The purpose of this paper is to introduce an instrumental/ceremonial theory of social and economic class and use it to examine policies toward labor in the global economy. It will include articulation of both an instrumental and ceremonial basis for differentiation among the working class of industrial society, as well as from the ownership, or capitalist, class. The tenacity with which we almost unconsciously hold to the ceremonial logic which validates the invidious distinctions between symbolic and material work can be seen in the ambiguity which characterizes social status. In contrast to the neoclassical equilibrium model of an homogenous aggregate labor market, the heterogeneity of the aggregate labor market implied by institutional class theory suggests a model whose primary salient feature is significant disequilibrium. Such adjustment processes as do operate across these markets are likely to require rather lengthy time periods to manifest themselves. This suggests significant problems of labor (and other) resource allocation. Given the existing state of research in this area, however, the actual current or historical dynamic supply and demand conditions in these markets are not well known. All of these concerns are magnified in the context of globalization of labor markets and policies.

"A Proposed Methodological Synthesis of Post Keynesian and Institutional Economics"

Numerous writers from both the Post Keynesian and Institutionalist traditions have written on the commonality of fundamental principles between the two schools. In spite of these commonalties each tradition has developed substantially different methods of analysis. Institutionalist methods have generally yielded "plausible" explanations, but without the rigor and consistency needed if they are to be used as a basis for economic policy. Post Keynesian methods have policy necessary rigor, but the similarity to neo-classical methods has exposed Post Keynesian analysis to unwarranted synthesis with incompatible traditions, due to a lack of explicit acknowledgement of it philosophical foundations. This paper proposes a synthesis of Post Keynesian and Institutionalist methodology, one of "plausible rigor", based on a further development of the "Institutional Dynamics" approach proposed by Michael Radzicki and others, which has the potential of overcoming the weaknesses of both schools.

"Material Interests, Social Valuation and the State"

In this article I explore the relationship between the process of social valuation, the material conditions of life, in particular the distribution of economic power, and the state. I am particularly interested in the role of ideology as part of the ongoing process of social construction, and its relation to political economic power and state outcomes. This exploration will be carried out along three dimensions. First, it will examine the contributions that Institutionalists and Marxists have made toward understanding the process. Secondly, I will delve into the pragmatic and post-modern literature to highlight the implications of these intellectual currents for an understanding of the relationship between social valuation, material interests and the role of the state. Finally, I will touch upon the role of economics as an institution that mediates the relationship between social valuation, economic power and the state.

"Underconsumption and Institutional Rigidity: An Alternative Explanation of the Asian Crisis"

Most analyses of the Asian crisis attribute the cause to so-called crony capitalism, loose banking, capital flight, and so on. Efforts to bail out various economies may be a short term fix; for they ignore the problem that capacity output has outstripped global demand. Increasing exports to stimulate domestic demand is more difficult. The increases in American consumer spending largely financed by increases in debt are unlikely to continue. Institutional constraints prevent the peoples of Asia to spend a sufficient amount of their income to purchase the goods and services that they produce. The reasons are partly cultural. These peoples have a predisposition to save, which is characteristic of an economy that emphasizes production; they lack the income and credit to purchase the goods and services that they currently produce; and the goods they produce are tailored for export markets, not domestic markets.

"Dewey and Discourse: Implications for Institutionalism and Postmodernism"

In the discussions of language, discourse and hermeneutics associated with Postmodernism, John Dewey is ignored, distorted or dismissed. Richard Rorty renders Dewey as a Postmodernist but only by discarding what is unique and most valuable in Dewey's philosophy. For Dewey science is an exemplar for the rest of culture but for Rorty, with other Postmodernists, science along with professional philosophy is something needing debunking. In practical terms, Postmodernism legitimizes dogmatism in social sciences and humanities, using Kuhn's doctrine of radical incommensurability as justification. In economics, D.N. McCloskey's mirrors Rorty to re-immunize neoclassical economics from empirical criticism. Rorty, McCloskey and Postmodernists generally attempt, despite their frequent references to contingency, to sever discourse from context. They ignore Dewey's point, "A universe of experience is the precondition for a universe of discourse." It is argued that, unlike Postmodernism, Dewey's antifoundationalism is consistent with recent analyses of science.

"The Quagmire Revisited: The U.S. War on Drugs as an Exemplar of Public (Non)Policy"

"Public policy" suggests a plan of action in which public debate over means and objectives precedes enactment of legislative programs. Unfortunately the War on Drugs is suggestive of future directions in other public policies: absolutist agendas lead to utopian goals pursued with ill-conceived means that go unexamined when cumulative causation gives the failed policies a life of their own. The War on Drugs makes the problems it is supposed to solve worse but a process involving political posturing and "hot buttons," exploitative treatment in the news and entertainment media, administrative inertia of enforcement agencies, commercial interest (pharmaceutical firms, e.g.) and the systemic features of black market activity interact to use failure as a rationale for more of the same. Something analogous seems to be happening in the areas of welfare, education and health policy.

"Shareholder Pressure, Employee Attachment, and Non-Standard Labor"

This paper explores the argument that shareholder pressure to maximize share price and dividends may lead firms to cut labor costs in part by decreasing the attachment of standard employees and through the increased use of certain categories of non-standard workers. Using Osterman's 1992 Organization of Work in American Business Survey to test several hypotheses, evidence is presented that establishments not under pressure to maximize short run returns are associated with having policies indicating employee attachment and use of non-standard workers that are directly hired by the establishment. Conversely,

establishments under pressure are associated with the lack of practices associated with decreased turnover and attachment and tend to use intermediated non-standard workers such as agency temps and contract workers.

"Certainty about Uncertainty"

Uncertainty has a central place in heterodox economics. Post-Keyesians have a well-developed theory of uncertainty, however, a vexing question can be posed to the Post-Keyesians: How can you be certain about uncertainty? This question leads to an analysis of the logic of time, and how we can really know anything. Using the Institutionalist analytical dichotomy, I will argue that time is an institution, and notions of time can evolve when the requirements for the Theory of Institutional adjustment have been met. An important part of the institution of time is that the future is not perfectly knowable. Depending on what evolutionary tool process is being used, this may or may not be problematic, or it may be problematic in different ways. Tribesman in Oceania may have different responses to this uncertainty about the future than do investors on Wall Street. My paper will then apply the Institutionalist analytical dichotomy to the axiom of uncertainty as expressed by the Post-Keynesians, and determine whether this axiom exhibits stronger instrumental or ceremonial tendencies, and what the ramifications are for contextual economic analysis.

The Character of Economic Science: A Habermasian Perspective"

A guiding aim of Juergen Habermas' work has been to reformulate social theory so as to reunite theory and practice in a manner that captures the complexities of the late twentieth century. Although he has made little more than passing comments on the nature of economic science, much of his work has focused on the question of what the full potential of social theory might be. This paper will investigate the relevance of his work for the question of what might constitute the promise of an appropriately formulated science of economics. Although schooled in the Marxian intellectual tradition, Habermas has drawn upon practically every important social thinker of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including those such as Peirce and Dewey who are frequently cited as intellectual forerunners of American Institutionalism. This paper will explore the potential relevance of Habermas' work for Institutionalist theory.

"The Dynamics of Institutional Change: Two Case Studies"

Our economy is undergoing ongoing major institutional changes affecting major institutions such as health care delivery, the structure of retirement, the corporate work place, higher education, etc. After a description of the dialectical nature of institutional change in our economy and the interactive relation between economic agency and institutional change, this paper focuses on two major areas of concern: first major institutional change taking place in the corporate work place, and, second, equally sweeping developments in Higher Education. First, it analyzes significant workforce implications of the widespread

corporate downsizing of the 90's, concomitant changes in the nature and scope of so called "part-time" work, the digital revolution, etc. It next explores the implications for higher education of recent developments such as changes in the composition of faculties, post tenure review, distance learning, etc. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these institutional changes for institutional analysis and emergent public policy.

"A Pragmatic Policy Approach to Immigration"

This paper examines the problems associated with immigration and proposes a workable policy framework. A brief history of immigration constructs the context for policy analysis. The past waves of immigration are compared to the present influx of immigrants. Immigrants are pulled into the country by the draw of higher wages and more economic opportunity. They are also being pushed by a multitude of problems in their countries. The world population surge is putting pressure on the capacities of less developed countries to provide sufficient jobs for their citizens. In addition, global industrial restructuring continues to create global disturbances affecting both the native workforce and the global workforce. A coherent and practical policy approach to controlling immigration is necessary for a nation to maintain its sovereignty and make its domestic policies on education, welfare, social security, environment, and employment viable and fair. An attempt is made to sketch the features of such a policy.

This paper takes a potentially unpopular stance in defense of the externalized, "etic" approach to ethnography currently demonized by postmortem researchers. I argue that the movement within anthropology to incorporate other "voices", and to "dialogize" with one's informants is no less paternalistic, and no more valid, than traditional approaches in which the anthropologist assets an "objective" analysis. Denying the existence of "ethnographic authority", or pretending that one's year of research and scholarship do not constitute "authority " of a sort, is to miss the point of certain types of etic analysis. Attempts to "decolonize" anthropology, while emerging (perhaps) from an admirable humanitarian desire to protect the human "objects" of inquiry, have foolishly obscured many of the great insights crafted by whole generations of social scientists. Privileging the "emic" as a way of compensating for perceived abuses of ethnographic authority may help researchers feel good about themselves, but is it good anthropology?

In 1936 Wilhelm Konig, Director of the Baghdad Museum, found several strange objects in the museum's holdings. These artifacts consisted of a plain ceramic vase, a copper tube, an iron rod and may pieces of bitumen. Konig hypothesized that, when placed in the correct configuration, these objects would create an electro-chemical cell, or battery. This presentation will detail the construction of a replica of this so-called battery, as well as the result of tests designed to determine if in fact these objects would have constituted a practical, useful battery. In addition, this presentation will cover several hypotheses that have been proposed to explain these artifacts, as well presenting a new hypothesis that is rooted in the ethnographic past of ancient Mesopotamia.

"The Impact of Development Planning on Women's Lives: Free Trade Zones and Women Workers in Sri Lanka"

Beginning with Ester Boserup's path breaking work (1970), scholars working on issues of women and development have focused on the impact of development planning on third world women's lives. The kind of participation this interest initiated has yet to be critically evaluated in the South Asian context. This paper examines the impact development planning has on the women workers through a study of planning and maintenance of the Katunayake Free Trade Zone (FTZ) in Sri Lanka, and will focus on two interrelated questions. To what extent were the different realities of women taken into account in planning and the maintenance of the FTZ? And how do the bad living and working conditions affect women's empowerment and their quest for sustainable livelihoods? Together these questions form the central theme of the paper; namely, the gap between the theoretical and the physical insertion of women into the arena of economic development and its long term effects on creating new forms of social oppression for women.

"The Limits and Potential of Interdisciplinarity in the Study of the Environment: Anthropology and Geography"

The disciplines of anthropology and geography share an interest in understanding and in transforming human relationships to the environment. This paper will look first at the problem of interdisciplinarity and the limits and potential of the methods and the theories within anthropology and geography to provide meaningful interdisciplinarity knowledge necessary for transforming human relationships to the environment. Data will be drawn from a recent Society for Applied Anthropology-Environmental Protection Agency internship in the Cherokee Nation Office of Environmental Services and secondary sources. Using the geographer Edward Soja's concept, "third space", the paper will argue that the key theoretical terms, culture and space (from anthropology and geography), alone cannot be used to produce environmental justice. Thus, the interdisciplinary knowledge necessary for the production of justice requires not only the merging of the theoretical terms, culture and space, but the merging of the theories and methods between disciplines.

"A Framework For Assessment Of Technology In Education: The Case Of The Global Positioning System"

This paper offers a framework for evaluating the use of global positioning systems (GPS) technology in education. The specific case draws from experiences integrating GPS projects in Archaeology and Geography courses offered at the University of Redlands, enhanced by a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF). The framework includes recommendations from the evaluation procedures recommended by the NSF for its projects.

Under the direction of the Environmental Protection Agency there has developed a market for "Pollution Rights" for emissions of sulfur dioxide from utility companies. Economists have long advocated marketable rights for pollution control. In this study the authors analyze the participation in the market for pollution rights by an arid/non-arid classification. Since the greatest concern of sulfur dioxide emissions is "acid rain" it would seem logical that the arid states would have a much lower participation in the SO² market than the non-arid states. This hypothesis is tested in this study.

The United States wine industry has been experiencing rapid growth in both production and sales. Over the recent time period the market for premium wines has witnessed the greatest expansion as wine tastes in the U.S. have become more sophisticated. California, in particular, has had the greatest participation in the expanding wine market with respect to volume of output. The authors of this paper hypothesize that most of the high quality vineyard expansion should occur in the more arid locations since it is generally believed that aridity stresses the vines thereby producing the higher quality wines. This paper analyzes the expansion of the wine industry in the state of California with respect to an arid/non-arid classification.

Claude Dallas killed two Idaho game wardens in 1981. The homicide, his flight from justice, trial, and subsequent jail break, have inspired three books, a film, songs, and innumerable articles. This paper examines the controversy he inspired in the sparsely populated arid regions of Oregon, Idaho, and Nevada, the land where the Virginia born Dallas adopted a cowboy life. Denounced by some as the outlaw killer of tough frontier lawmen, he struck others as a sagebrush rebel hero who resisted unreasonable restrictions on use of federal land.

This paper focuses on a commercial community-based forestry project in Ojinaga, a Mexican border town. We will overview the steps taken in developing community support and examine economic feasibility and potential impacts. In Ojinaga, a multi-year research project is ongoing to determine the best tree species for municipal waste water treatment. A sister project involves organizing commercial tree production to use and improve local land that is saline and/or abandoned (of which 4300 ha have been identified as having potential), rescue and maintain the deteriorating hydraulic infrastructure, provide a source of income to the community through pulpwood sales, and diversify the local agricultural economy. This project is joint between New Mexico State University, Autonomous University of Chihuahua (UACH), Mexican National Institute of Forest and Agricultural Research (INIFAP), and the Mexican National Water Commission (Conagua). It is funded with a grant from the International Arid Lands Consortium (IALC).

The expansion of viticultural prospects into arid and semi-arid lands has created an unexpected by-product of the U.S. system of viticultural appellations. The U.S. system was established by BATF Rule 53 in 1978. Primarily based upon the principle of truth in labeling, the designation of viticultural areas identified the origin of grapes and wines for consumers. Along with the expansion of viticultural production and wineries into arid lands, there has been the unexpected side effect of delineating regional origins and spurring interest in desirability or uniqueness of wines from newer locations. Newer producers try to increase demand and reduce sensitivity to price in a monopolistically competitive market. Viticultural appellations allow newcomers to make their mark upon the map. They can assert that there’s a lot going well. This paper analyzes the growth of the wine industry in arid and semi-arid lands and the roles played by designation of viticultural appellations.

The study examines the land-use impacts of job center growth in the "Inland Empire," an urban-rural fringe region located on the eastern edge of Los Angeles metropolitan area. The results of the analysis illustrate that the Inland Empire still has strong commuting linkages to the job centers to the west in Los Angeles County and Orange County. However, the region also has a number of large employment centers that attract workers in from substantial distances. These internal and external job linkages have a direct impact on the evolving land-use pattern of the "Inland Empire." Two land-use inventories are acquired for two different dates to estimate the impact of job center growth on the "Inland Empire’s" land-use pattern.

"Realtor and Builder Preferences in the Agricultural Land Conversion Process"

Previous studies of the shift of agricultural land into nonagricultural uses have focused upon the individuals who produce the change, the buyers and sellers of the property. Attitudes toward agriculture and its impact on the perceived quality-of-life (QOL) in a region have been quantified. Preferences for types of development within a region and preferred agencies for the regulation of development have been identified. In this study the individuals who facilitate the change, the real estate agents and builders, are surveyed to determine the impacts of agriculture and rural, open space in their perceived QOL. Study results are then compared to earlier study results.

"Efficiently Allocating Soil Conservation Funds: A Case Study of Colorado"

Soil conservation funds tend to be allocated based upon rather arbitrary and unscientific criteria. In part, this is due to the need to spend funds where they are generated. But for those funds that are discretionary, greater net benefits could be achieved under a new allocation procedure. This paper examines thirty-six Front Range and Eastern Plains Soil Conservation Districts (SCDs) in Colorado and the roughly $20 million of soil conservation funds spent on these SCDs during the 1982-92 period. This includes nearly 3/4 of a million dollars of discretionary funds, which will be reevaluated to illustrate how net economic returns from soil conservation could have been greatly increased by an improved allocation process.

"Reducing Wind Erosion and Attaining Air Quality Standards: Preliminary Findings and Research Agenda"

Scientific evidence indicates a strong correlation between increased levels of particulate matter and respiratory diseases. As a consequence, the revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards in 1987 contain a standard for particulate matter of 10 mm (PM₁₀) or smaller in diameter. Attainment of these standards has been high in the eastern U.S., where PM₁₀ is primarily emitted by point sources, but has been less in the southwest, where nonpoint source wind erosion is a major contributor to PM₁₀ levels. In particular, urban air quality may be adversely affected by agricultural and other sources of wind erosion. The purpose of this paper is to assess the potential economic benefits and costs of meeting air quality standards in nonattainment areas of the southwestern U.S. through increased soil conservation efforts. In light of these results, additional needed and economically justified research is identified.

"China: Necessity, Feasibility, and Optimization Schemes"

This paper illustrates the necessity of south to north water transfers in China. Several factors are examined, including the distribution condition of the nation’s natural resources, population pressure on resources, the increase in consumption demand, the period of economic development, and the benefits of water transfer in China. The feasibility of water transfer is studied by analyzing the physical, human power, material, financial, and technological issues. A wholesome optimization scheme is presented subject to technology feasibility and the goal of maximum benefits. Also the costs and economical benefits of the scheme are estimated and critiques of the project are introduced, which can act as a reference for international concerns.

Recent explanations for the lack of trees on the Great Plains during the nineteenth century have emphasized the overall importance of fires started by Indians and, for the riparian woodlands, the impact of high velocity floodwaters. Evidence obtained from an examination of more than 300 nineteenth century travel accounts suggests that while fire was a significant factor along the western, northern and eastern margins of the plains, spring floodwaters were of little, if any, significance with respect to riparian deforestation. Other processes, particularly the felling of cottonwood trees by Indians to provide food for their horse herds in winter and during periods of severe drought and fuel gathering by Indians and whites alike, appear to have been the primary processes contributing to the uninterrupted "sea of grass" frequently mentioned by travelers.

"A Unique Suburban Arid Lands Boutique: La Bodega Winery in DFW Airport"

Perhaps the most unique Texas winery is La Bodega, located in the highly commercialized suburban setting of the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport in Terminal 2-E, at Gate 6. La Bodega Winery offers not only wine under its own label and private labels, but from other Texas wineries as well. First a case study of this non-traditional winery, the first bonded winery in an airport now almost three years old, this paper also examines the growing phenomenon of boutique wineries in Texas, the Greater Southwest, and beyond. Economic and technological issues specific to the Dallas/Fort Worth area, the broader arid lands region, and elsewhere are considered and contrasted.

"An Inquiry into the Transferability of Indian Water Rights"

There are no clear court rulings or federal legislation addressing the ability of tribes to sell, lease, or defer Indian water rights. The absence of an Indian water marketing policy is especially troubling considering the recent efforts by tribes to seek quantification of reserved water rights. Although the actual quantity of water to be awarded to Indian tribes is unknown, it has been estimated to be around 9,000,000 acre-feet a year. Indian tribes, as owners of a substantial amount of water in the West, play an important role in determining western water usage that can no longer be ignored. This paper discusses the rules that currently control the transferability of Indian water rights. Indian water rights settlements, in addition, are briefly examined to identify current transfers of Indian water. Suggestions for a comprehensive Indian water marketing policy conclude the paper.

Wine growing first flourished on the Great Plains during the last half of the 19th century, especially in Kansas, Nebraska, and Texas, but the industry was eventually destroyed by "Dry" interests and/or Prohibition. It did not revive until the 1970s when the United States became involved in a wine growing boom which eventually spread even to the Great Plains, a region few people would associate with viticultural activities. Thus, all the Plains states (except North Dakota) have some wine grape acreage and one or more wineries. Wine growing is most prominent in the southern Plains states where the industry focuses almost solely on vinifera wine grapes for premium wine production. This paper: 1) briefly chronicles the history of wine growing on the Plains, 2) examines the impressive natural advantages of some parts of the region for growing vinifera grapes, 3) discusses the legal impediments which inhibit wine growing in some states, and 4) characterizes the unique agricultural landscapes or "winescapes" associated with the Great Plains wine growing industry

"A Critical Analysis of the Texas Water Bank"

The State of Texas is increasingly faced with shortfalls in the supply of water. In order to alleviate some of the pressure the 73^rd legislature passed SB 1030 which provided for the creation of a statewide water bank. This act followed on the heels of actions taken by California and the creation of its Drought Water Bank. In both cases the goal of the banks are/were to facilitate the transfer of water from seller to buyer. The Texas Water Bank (TWB) has been open for business since May 1994 and it has been used very little to date. This paper will focus on the possible reasons for the lack of use of the TWB and also provide steps to improve the policies and operations.

" Protecting Asian Children from Abuse and Neglect in the Los Angeles County: Analysis and Recommendations"

The Asian Pacific population now accounts for about 12% of the Los Angeles County population. In order to provide bilingual/bicultural services for the needs of this unique population, the Asian Pacific Project was established by the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Families Services in March 1989. This Paper will discuss culturally-appropriate identification and intervention in child abuse and neglect in the Los Angeles County used by the Asian Pacific Project.

The formulation of culturally appropriate intervention and prevention strategies for Asian Pacific families must begin with an examination of the Eastern worldview and how it is operationalized in terms of child rearing and human development, oppression, trauma and reactions to stress, family pathology and coping styles. Statistics indicating how widespread maltreatment is, issues such as the underutilization of the child protective services, and recommendations to improve the service delivery system will also be presented.

This paper analyzes voting behavior in the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections along the U.S.-Mexico border. The motivation of the paper is two-fold. First, the border region is becoming increasingly important in the context of national elections. Second, while there are numerous election models at the national level as well as a few at the state level, these models are rarely estimated for sub-national areas using county level data. The model estimated here uses data for the 360 counties in the four border states of California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. The results are generally consistent with national level models and suggest that both economic and political variables are important in determining voting behavior in the border region.

"La historia del uso y manejo de los recursos naturales en maneadero, Baja California"

El análisis histórico-ambiental que aquí se presenta, abarca un período que inicia en la década de 1930 y termina en la actualidad. A lo largo de esta sección se narra, además de los hechos históricos más sobresalientes, la evolución en el uso y manejo de los recursos naturales relacionados con la producción, intentando identificar los factores que introdujeron cambios en la producción, en los mercados laborales y en la dinámica poblacional local. El ejido Nacionalista Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada, también conocido como "Maneadero" fue fundado en 1937. Las políticas nacionales generalmente estuvieron dirigidas a colonizar y posteriormente impulsar el poblamiento y el desarrollo económico de esta zona estratégica para la soberanía nacional. Las acciones y políticas estadounidenses que tuvieron mayores repercusiones en la zona fronteriza fueron aquellas relacionadas con los mercados laborales y de productos. Asimismo, diversos acontecimientos como las guerras mundiales, la Gran Depresión Económica de 1929 y el período de la "Ley Seca" tuvieron fuerte impacto en la región.

"Factors Affecting Grade Repetition of Mexican Primary School Children"

Primary school education is a fundamental component for creating economic development and growth. As labor becomes more educated and hence more productive, labor income can increase, reducing levels of poverty and improving the distribution of income. Grade repetition rates are high in Mexico. Thirty three percent of all first graders repeat that grade. This is an empirical study that uses regression and logit analysis where scores of standardized exams for math and language and whether or not the child has repeated a grade are regressed on various personal and school characteristic variables, including whether or not the child is participating in the PRONALEES program. The data used come from a survey of 80 students in four schools stratified by middle income and poor to control for economic status and by whether or not the school is participating in PRONALEES.

"Migración y mercado de trabajo en la frontera norte mexicana"

El objetivo del trabajo es mostrar la relación entre el crecimiento social de la frontera norte y la dinámica demanda de su mercado de trabajo. En la primera sección presentamos los aspectos generales del crecimiento poblacional de la región y de las actividades económicas que han atraído inmigrantes del interior del país que se desplazan tanto a las ciudades de la frontera norte como a los Estados Unidos. En la segunda sección analizamos información generada en la "Encuesta sobre migración en la frontera norte de México" que nos permite ilustrar la oferta característica de los mercados laborales del interior del país y su relación con la migración hacia el norte.

"La cultura popular en la cuenca del Rio Bravo"

Tratar de desarrollar el tema de la cultura popular es una empresa harto complicada por los supuestos que rompe y los esquemas que derriba en torno a lo que generalmente se concibe como lo culto, la cultura y lo cultural. Tal es su dificultad, que aún entre los antropólogos, sociólogos políticos, comunicólogos, folkloristas, etc. existen discrepancias en torno a lo que se se puede caracterizar como popular o como emanado del pueblo. De hecho, en varias ocasiones se advierte un divorcio entre los supuestos conceptuales más utilizados -aquellos que se conviene entre un sector en llamar popular- y una realidad movediza, en constante cambio, con nuevas expresiones, que invita a romper los marcos tradicionales de la concepcion acerca de la cultura popular. De la enorme extensión de la frontera norte, nos interesa en particular la zona de la Cuenca del Río Bravo.

"La prensa fronteriza en los procesos electorales"

El trabajo es un examen del papel que cumple la prensa en los procesos electorales en una de las entidades mexicanas fronterizas consideradas más vanguardistas políticamente, como lo es Baja California. Con esa perspectiva, se evalúa, a través de un análisis de contenido, a los medios impresos regionales (de Tijuana y Mexicali) tratando de establecer si su desempeño es compatible con el proceso democrático del estado. La información electoral publicada durante las dos contiendas más recientes (la federal de 1997 y estatal de 1998) constituye el parámetro principal de la evaluación. El análisis se centra en conocer el grado de integración que presentan los medios con la política regional, tomando como eje la cobertura informativa destinada a uno y otro proceso. Algunos hallazgos permiten señalar que aunque existen cambios importantes, el desempeño informativo de la prensa bajacaliforniana sigue formas tradicionales, lo cual resulta contrastante con el avance político de la sociedad bajacaliforniana.

"La definición de trabajo a tiempo parcial y su perfil en méxico y dos ciudades fronterizas"

El presente trabajo se orienta a reunir elementos que contribuyan a elaborar una definición del trabajo a tiempo parcial a través de la mención y reflexión sobre algunas características que le son correspondientes. Se señala la expansión de trabajo parcial en el país y su perfil en dos ciudades fronterizas, de acuerdo al alcance de medición de los instrumentos oficiales de información sobre trabajo. Una conclusión vertida es que hasta el momento queda mejor captado el número de trabajadores de tiempo parcial que el trabajo parcial por sí mismo.

"Social Networks Between Markets in the Border Region. the Case of the Fruit and Vegetable Business"

The paper analyses the social networks that have been built in fruit and vegetable wholesale markets between Los Angeles and Tijuana. I present thehistory ot these markets and the actors involved in their development. An important issue is what role migration plays in the development of these social networks. The capacity of migrants of mexican origin to become entrepreneurs in the markets is also analysed.

An exotic area in the United States-Mexico border region is that located at the bend of the Rio Grande River or El Rio Bravo del norte. Sometimes referred to as the last frontier, this area encompasses vast national and state parks on the United States side of the river. Years of effort have resulted in the creation of two equally vast protected areas on the Mexican side of the river. The purpose of this paper is to examine what this new complex of parks and protected areas will mean in terms of economic, cultural, and environmental impacts in this fragile, sparsely populated border region.

"Credito y fianzas: los dos instrumentos financieros de sudcalifornis en el Siglo XIX."

En Sudcalifornia las instituciones bancarias datan de la segunda mitad de este siglo. Tal retraso se explica por las caracterósticas económicas, sociales y geográficas de la región. Para el siglo XIX y la primera mitad del XX, las actividades económicas pueden ser divididas en dos: de autoconsumo y la exportación de materias primas. Los requerimientos de capital de las primeras era satisfecho por el crédito y fianzas ofrecidas por los grandes comerciantes paceños. Los grandes compañías nacionales y extranjeras satisfacían sus necesidades crediticias fuera de la entidad. Las solicitudes de crédito y fianzas fueron efectuadas tanto por particulares como por autoridades gubernamentales. Los pequeños empresarios empleaban esos préstamos en el desarrollo de pesca de perlas, la agricultura y la ganadería. El Jefe Político y otros funcionarios solicitaban préstamos para el desempeño de sus funciones, por ejemplo para la creación y manutención de la Guardia Nacional.

"Fenómenos transfronterizos y desarrollo sustentable: del Canal Alamo al revestimiento del All American Canal."

En el Valle de Mexicali, donde se ubica el cuarto distrito de riego más importante de México se presentan situaciones muy particulares, dado que es una área de riego fronteriza que utiliza recursos hidráulicos transfronterizos (río Colorado y acuífero) y que además es vecino de una de las zonas agrícolas mas importantes de Estados Unidos, el Valle Imperial. La estrategia actual de mercadotecnia del recurso hidráulico en IID, ha presionado para eliminar las pérdidas por infiltraciones del All American Canal, con la propuesta del revestimiento con concreto hidráulico lo que inducirá cambios ambientales significativos en términos de cantidad y calidad del acuífero en la parte mexicana y por ende en la estructura productiva y costos económicos y sociales de los usuarios autogestores de los recursos hidroagrícolas en el Valle de Mexicali. En este trabajo se analiza el contexto, la evolución y las perspectivas de dicha acción

"El mercado de trabajo profesional en Reynosa Tamaulipas"

El documento profundiza en el mercado de trabajo profesional de algunas empresas maquiladoras del ramo de la electrónica localizadas en Cd. Reynosa Tamaulipas. Las seis empresas que contempla este estudio muestran un especial interés sobre el personal calificado dado el tipo de actividad que realizan. A través de encuestas y entrevistas con personal de recursos humanos, las empresas definen el tipo de requerimientos que tienen sobre el personal profesional, la capacitación interna que promueven para ellos y su vinculación con las instituciones educativas locales.

"The Frontiers of Expansion of Pre-Modern Western Civilization"

Western Civilization expanded globally after 1500 creating what Walter Prescott Webb has called the "Great Frontier". Webb argued that this frontier affected the nature of the civilization itself. Historian William McNeill has said that Webb's provcative thesis provides a framework for reappraising history in terms of a "global process of civilizational expansion." Frontiers of expansion, however, characterized Western Civilization before 1500 foreshadowing what was to follow. This paper presents a brief sketch of these medieval frontiers and suggests some implications for Western Civilization at that time and for the nature of its subsequent global spread.

"La integracion latinoamericana a fines del siglo XX "

En éste, nos interesa destacar el proceso de integración regional de los países de América Latina y sus vicisitudes, las que se han desarrollado en un ambiente de crisis recurrentes. Una seria evaluación de los éxitos parciales, de las experiencias fallidas y de las nuevas perspectivas que el fin del siglo depara al anterior proceso, a la luz de la estrategia europea de integración y en relación con la que los Estados Unidos viene proponiendo para todo el continente, a saber: El Area de Libre Comercio de las Américas ( ALCA ) parcialmente materializada en el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAM) resulta ser relevante no sólo desde una óptica teórico sino desde una perspectiva política, pues nos puede ayudar a buscar salidas nuevas, encaminadas a sanear la prolongada crisis que sufren nuestros países y de las que México no está exento.

"American and Canadian Hazard Perception in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA."

This study investigates five natural hazards in Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana, and the use of maps for examining the spatial dimensions of hazard cognition. At present, the use of maps for hazard perception research has been limited to plotting locations of hazard events, analyzing spatial distributions, and creating return interval maps. In this study, a set of Canadian and American visitors were asked to complete a survey designed to obtain information on their perceptions of rockfalls, landslides, floods, snow avalanches, and strong damaging winds in GNP. The final question asks the respondents to identify the areas of the Park they perceive each specific hazard to occur. Preliminary results indicate that respondent perception of each hazard varies widely.

"Suspicions Amongst the Brothers and Across Borders:President Cardenas "Nationalizes" Mexican Freemasonry"

Americans living in Mexico who have joined Mexican versions of organizations common in theUnited States have not alway found that they were welcome -- in the 1930s then President Cardenas, feeing that too many Americans were active in Mexican Freemasonry, set out to "Mexicanize" that controversial movement, just what that entailed, and how Americans reacted, provides an interesting gloss on border relationships.

"On the Border of Nations: Illegalization as Discipline"

This paper addresses the relationship between national, ethnic, and regional identities as they contrast on the U.S.-Mexico border. It explains how the use of law and its enforecement agents have been able to create differential illegalization as a contingent social condition, especially for migrants and colonia residents. This process is conceptualized as part of the nationalist project as it is exposed in the borderlands region. The impact this has on the social development of the border is explored, raising policy issues regarding border law.

"Assessing the Market for Private Mexican Health Insurance"

Until 1997, only the employees of banks in Mexico had the right to secure private medical insurance. The entry of U.S. firms into that market was very limited as the Mexican Government operated what amounted to a monopolistic health maintenance organization. There was a private sector for health care, but it was small and centered mostly in the urban areas. Then in 1997, the government passed a new law that allows for workers ot join private medical plans, and to demand a return of their premiums paid into the government system. SO far the numbers of workers who have forsaken governement sponsored care for the private sector have been small, but are growing. This research will assess the history of the movement toward private provision of medical insurance in Mexico and attempt to assess the market prospects as both Mexican and U.S. firms begin this fundamental change in the provision of health care in Mexico.

"Participación e identidades políticas regionales en la frontera México-Estados Unidos"

En este trabajo se presenta una reflexión en torno a la participación política de los habitantes fronterizos, tomando básicamente el indicador de preferencias electorales. A través del análisis de los datos que ha arrojado la investigación sobre migración y sobre temas electorales, se propone el concepto de "identidades políticas regionales," con el objeto de precisar allgunos de los rasgos más significativos de la cultura política del norte de México y del sur de los Estados Unidos. El norte mexicano presenta indicadores socioeconómicos por arriba de la media nacional; en el sur de los Estados Unidos también destaca el desarrollo de california. En ese contexto interesa reflxionar en torno a la manifestación politica de dichos niveles de bienestar de la sociedad. Al carecer de un estudio que permita tender el puente entre desarrollo socioeconómico y participación política, se presenta una aproximación teórica a través del concepto de "identidades políticas regionales."

"Prácticas culturales en la frontera norte"

La frontera norte de México experimenta un crecimiento acelerado como consecuencia de la expansión de la industria maquiladora. No obstante, sus habitantes viven una compleja problemática referente a la subsistencia diaria, las necesidades educativas, la escasez de vivienda, la contaminación ambiental, la violencia y el narcotráfico. El modelo de desarrollo impuesto a México se basa en la dependencia económica al gran capital, la dominación política y la difusión masiva de un estilo de vida que va minando las culturas populares, sus tradiciones, costumbres y valores. Aun cuando los procesos culturales están influenciados por la globalización económica y la dependencia política de México respecto a Estados Unidos, en la frontera como en el interior del país, el pueblo ofrece resistencia al modelo neoliberal. Los grupos marginados y las comunidades indígenas sobreviven y defienden su cultura tenazmente. En la frontera, la resistencia se expresa en manifestaciones culturales como la música y la pintura populares.

"The Mexican Border Cities: An Alternative Approach to Decrease Urban Poverty"

The intent of this essay is to advance a proposal for a program of government intervention that would decrease urban poverty in Mexican border cities which have been experience a high rate of economic growth as a consequence of the industrialization process. The central argument is that since poverty is centralized in extended zones within the urban area, government interventions should focus on modifying the features on these locales; living standards of the population would improve as a result. The inverse option (privileging polices directed toward people over those directed toward place) is the approach that has generally been tried at the levels of government, but with little saving in the cost for equipment, services, and jobs that are associated with spatial segregation.

Historically linked by geography, trade, and culture, border areas of the United States and Mexico are becoming even more closely tied together by the elimination of trade and investment barriers under the North American Free Trade Agreement. Greater economic integration means that the traditional top-down approach to regional econometric modeling will be less applicable to border metropolitan areas than was previously the case. This paper suggests a means by which closer ties between border cities can be directly taken into account within an international modeling framework. Initial output from an empirical implementation of such a model is discussed.

"Creating Binational Partnerships Through Occupational Training and Economic Development"

This presentation by Chancellor Augustine Gallego and Assistant Chancellor Kenneth Fawson of the San Diego Community College District (SDCCD) offers a case study approach to building successful binational partnerships that support the objectives of the NAFTA agreements, meet the educational needs of students and serve the economic development requirements of citizens on both sides of the border. Presenters will focus on specific examples of current educational and technical exchange projects that illustrate the District's commitment to leveraging educational, industrial and community resources on behalf of Borderland enhancement efforts. Participants will gain useful information about the short and long term strategic planning process as well as the design of collaborative agreements required to support the implementation of mutually beneficial workforce preparation and economic development projects.

"Security and the U.S.-Mexico Border: Conceptualizing the Post-Cold War Period."

In this paper I discuss major changes in the security environment on theU.S.-Mexico border resulting from the end of the Cold War. I revisit the concept of "security community," both theoretically and empirically, referring specifically to several security arenas: drug trafficking, environmental security, military security, and economic security.

"The History of the San Felipe Independent School District: A Study of Mexican American Self-Determination"

The paper is an examination of Texas’ only all Mexican American independent school district. By the 1920s, the Del Rio School District, similar to other districts in Texas, had established a direct system of segregation for Mexican American students. However, because of a variety of cultural, political, and economic phenomena related to the borderlands, a large segment of the Mexican American community in the area successfully resisted segregation on an educational, ethical, and legal basis. The paper traces the origin, development, and legacy of the district. The district’s forty year survival in an area controlled by hostile Anglos is the paper’s main focus. Included for further elaboration are individual and collective stories of perserverance and determination on the part of the Mexican American community. The efforts culminated in the adoption and acculturation of clearly American institutions in a culture that had strong ties to Mexico.

"Friends, Enemies or Partners? Trade with indios bárbaros in 18^th century New Mexico"

Although it has been recognized the significance of trade between New Mexicans and indios bárbaros as an instrument of defense and colonization, until now that commerce has not benn analyzed as an economic factor in itself. Under this perspective, we have to concede that , at least between 1700 and 1770, trade with bárbaros was in the base of what we consider New Mexico exportations to the Chihuahuan market, notwithstanding the war activities developed by both groups. The paper will try to show how heavily the 18^th century New Mexican economy relied on the non-recognizable trade with indios bárbaros.

"Frontera, industria y vulnerabilidad poblacional"

A partir de la década pasada, la industria maquiladora fronteriza inició un proceso de transformación estructural, dando cabida a la especialización en ciertas ramas de la industria, como la electrónica, la eléctrica y la metal-mecánica. La actividad productiva que se realiza en estos subsectores económicos, requiere de grandes insumos de substancias químicas, mismas que en su gran mayoría son importadas del país vecino del norte. Entre estas substancias destacan aquellas que poseen un alto nivel de toxicidad, y por lo tanto, de peligrosidad, tanto en su manejo directo como en el riesgo de accidentes provocados por explosión, incendio, volatilidad, o derrame causado por volcadura al transportarse el material peligroso hacia o desde la planta industrial. En esta ponencia se analiza un caso particular de vulnerabilidad poblacional ante el riesgo químico derivado del tipo de industria instalada en la ciudad de Mexicali, B.C.

" Two Nordic Border Regions"

In Northern Europe different kinds of borders, each with their own political, economic and social history, exist. In this paper we will compare two very different external Nordic border regions: one being a prosperous and peaceful inner EU-border (Denmark-Germany) the other one a region in dire economic straits, on an external EU-border and with a 20th century Cold War history (Finland-Russia). Both borders have been changed in this century. The paper will present a description of these two very different external Nordic border regions. What are the problems and opportunities concerning cross-border cooperation; does the bilateral financial support and the financial support of the EU address the problems of the border regions, and does it lead to more functional regions?

"Newspaper Framing of Environmental Issues in Border and Interior Region of North America: A Content Analysis in Progress"

This content analysis of five newspapers seeks to discover differences in environmental coverage between newspapers in a country’s interior and those at the geographical borders. In border regions, communities share their natural environmental with a neighboring country, complicating the approach to developing sound and agreeable environmental policies, and therefore, to covering environmental issues. Previous studies have shown news media turning to sources from industry and government. This study takes a systems theory approach to news framing, seeking to determine which systems—government, industry, environmentalist, scientists, or citizens—provide the sources for environmental coverage in interior and border regions to North America. We also explore which levels of governmental systems (e.g., local, state, national international) are represented , as well as specific national systems (Mexico, Canada, the United States). In some cases, sources from a neighboring country may be geographically closer than a community’s own national government sources.

"Cotidianidad y expectativas de escolaridad de los trabajadores de maquiladora de Cd. Juárez, Chih."

La vida cultural fronteriza en esta región del país, con sus características específicas propias, representa un campo de problemática social que hasta ahora ha sido poco analizada desde la perspectiva de la investigación socioeducativa. Acorde con lo anterior, la finalidad principal del proyecto apunta hacia la formulación de propuestas concretas que puedan servir para diseñar planes educativos y de capacitación para los trabajadores de maquiladora, sobre la base del conocimiento de sus condiciones de vida, las características de la estructura laboral y las expectativas de escolaridad de los trabajadores. Para llevar a cabo la investigación se empleará básicamente la entrevista y la encuesta. Se utilizará también la observación y el registro etnográfico, sobre todo en el espacio familiar. Se estima que el proyecto se podrá desarrollar en el lapso de un año.

"The impacts of the foreign financial intermediaries in the Mexican market (1995-1998)"

The objective of this paper is to analyze the effects of the entrance of foreign financial intermediaries in the Mexican financial market within the NAFTA. We will analyze the impact of the foreign banks and non-banking intermediaries on the selected economic and financial variables as the interest rate, the intermediation margin, the amount of saving accounts, the regional distribution of the financial intermediaries branches, the funds channeled to small and medium businesses, the development of new financial instruments, capital profitability and operation's cost of the financial intermediaries. The present freedom of the banking and non-banking intermediaries to fix prices and assign funds, along with the privatization of the commercial banks, theoretically promotes competition, but this has not been reflected either in an increase of efficiency or in a decrease in the profit margins of the financial institutions.

"The New Border Institutions: A Survey on their Effectiveness"

The Border Environmental Cooperation Commission (BECC) and the North American Development Bank (NADBank) were established by an executive agreement between Mexico and the United States in November 1993, just over 5 years ago. In light of this milestone a survey of connoisseurs on the effectiveness of BECC and NADBank has been conducted regarding the impacts of these institutions in the development of binationalism, regionalism and transboundary cooperation along the US-Mexico border. Also, the survey was intended to identify the strengths and weaknesses of these institutions bearing in mind that a formative evaluation on their effectiveness is a necessary step in the reinforcement of organizations implementing novel policies and creating really high social expectations in Mexico and the United States. This paper summarizes the results of a survey of experienced observers affiliated to academic, governmental and non-governmental organizations in both sides of the border, the majority of which has been directly involved in the creation and development of BECC and NADBank as researchers, project proponents or advocates of the public interest.

Este estudio analiza y jerarquiza los factores precursores del uso de tabaco, alcohol y mariguana en población jóven residente en la frontera de Sonora. La edad, el sexo, el estatus marital de los padres, los patrones de uso de substancias del padre y la madre y la accesibilidad de drogas en la comunidad son sólo algunos de los factores identificados. Los datos están referidos a 1868 individuos de 12 a 24 años de edad residentes en los municipios de Nogales, Agua Prieta, Naco y San Luis Río Colorado.

"Incorporacion prematura al mercado laboral en región fronteriza"

Una de las consecuencias más graves de la prolongada crisis económica en México ha sido el empeoramiento de las condiciones de vida y de trabajo de la mayoría de la población. Los salarios reales se han deteriorado, de 1976 a la fecha, en un 76.45%. La Organización Internacional del Trabajo señala a México entre los 12 países más pobres, con el 54% de la población económicamente activa en la economía informal, con ingresos promedio de 17 a 35 pesos diarios, sin ninguna prestación social (El Financiero 11.7.98). Esto constituye un caldo de cultivo para el trabajo infantil, con su carga de explotación, indefensión laboral y negación o disminución de sus posibilidades de desarrollo. Se da así la contradicción de los millones de niñas y niños trabajando (se estiman en más de 5 millones), mientras millones de adultos están en el desempleo o subempleo.

"The Challenge of Border Environmental Monitoring"

In 1998 a group of 7 students were used to collect and analyze soil and plant samples collected around Las Rusias, Tamulipas, to assess the environmental impact of a chemical plant and maquiladoras on the community. Guided by an EPA study of neighboring areas in Cameron County, Texas, the research team found high levels of fluorine and several other elements likely to be biproducts of border industrialization. This study explains those findings, their policy consequences, and the value of independent, interdisciplinary cross border environmental health research for both U.S. students and border residents. Giving an added borderlands dimension, the team used as a control site, Amherstburg, Ontario, on the Detroit River, the site of one of the few comparable chemical plants in North America.

"Supervisores and Supervisoras: Likely Responses of U.S. and Mexican Business Students to Male and Female Supervisors."

Because of Mexico’s traditionally male dominated culture, it is often assumed that female supervisors will encounter greater resistance in Mexico than in the U.S. In order to compare the reactions of business students at a southwestern U.S. and a northern Mexico university to female supervisors, we randomly gave students from each university one of two questionnaires which asked about their likely responses to influence attemps from a hypothetical supervisor. The two questionnaires were identical except that either a male or female supervisor was described. The U.S. students indicated greater resistance to the female supervisor. Interestingly, however, no such effect was found among the Mexican students. In fact, a subsample of female Mexican students who had worked recently for a male Mexican supervisor actually indicated greater resistance to the hypothetical male supervisor. These results indicate that female supervisors may find more acceptance in Mexico than is commonly thought.

"Decentralization of Mexican Environmental Policy: Water Policy and Northern Border States"

This paper contributes to a more extensive understanding of the ongoing decentralization of Mexican Environmental policies. More specifically, it focuses on the water policy of two norther border states, Sonora and Baja California Norte, and their frameworks of developing, democratizing society and decentralizing public sector. This paper probes the issues of governmental decentralization, intergovernmental relations and the possibility of meaningful public participation. Nearly a decade has passed since the formal initiation of decentralizing environmental reforms. The initiation of reforms set into action a challenge to the status quo institutions and to the traditional corporatist forms of public participation. What is the status of these reforms today? What are the obstacles to their implementation? What types of interplay exist among federal, state and municipal governmental levels when dealing with water policy? What differences are found in how water is administered in Mexican border states? These questions are addressed in the paper.

"Function and Utilization of the U.S.-Mexico Border Fencescape"

The western section of the U.S.-Mexico border is drawn with straight lines that do not follow any natural topographic features. Especially in urban areas along this line, a fence has been erected by the federal government to demarcate the border and direct people to formal crossing points. Most common are the surplus metal air-force landing strips which serve a strictly utilitarian function. Increasingly, however, the U.S. government has built more aesthetic sections near crossings where it is likely to be seen close-up by the most people. Mexicans have had minimal influence on these constructions, but have in selected sites taken it upon themselves to make the most of the situation. This paper investigates how space is appropriated along the fence and the functions it serves in the local communities that lie along the section of the international border between Arizona and Sonora.

"Recepción y representación del concepto de ciudadanía en los jóvenes de secundaria de Cd. Juárez."

Se hace una caracterización de la educación secundaria en Cd. Juárez vinculada a la forma en que los jóvenes que asisten a ella son informados y formados sobre ciudadanía, es decir, la manera en que reciben (recepción) la cidudadanía, como discurso, y se representan (representación) ellos mismos como ciudadanos, como elaboración realizada desde su lugar. El trabajo consiste en la presentación y análisis de la forma en que es informado el estudiante sobre la ciudadanía, incluye un análisis de la política educativa, del programa de estudios y de la materia curricular de civismo (en la que se concentran los contenidos relativos a la ciudadanía). La presentación del ámbito en el que es formado, la escuela secundaria, en la que dada la diversidad existente se realiza una caracterización tipológica de las mismas.

"Evolution of the U.S.-Mexico Border: A Map Exhibit"

This presentation tells the story of the evolution of the U.S.-Mexico border through a series of maps especially designed for a map exhibit and educational booklet. The time span is from the 16th century to the 1850s.

"Paths for an Alternative Development: Regional Policies and International Integration ?"

This paper addresses the issue whether regional policies could become a useful alternative for development in integration contexts or not. Everyday problems seem to point out that the old patterns in politics and economics are not valid to give satisfactory answers to the new challenges faced by nations, regions, and people. In this context regional and local dimensions, along with globalization, seem to be reshaping reality. Both have turned out to be decisive in the achievement of new responses better fitted to the demands of society. What is even more, some initiatives undertaken at local levels appear among the most successful actions to improve regional levels of development. The endogenous development theories back the approach that regional and local authorities must adopt an energetic attitude in designing adecuate strategies and institutions to progress, and not only wait for directives dreapping from central governments to face new global dynamics.

"Hacia una america latina sin fronteras"

Los actuales procesos de integración en América Latina han hecho pensar de nuevo en el sueño de Simón Bolívar en el siglo XIX de crear una gran patria americana. Literatos como Roberto Fernández Retamar afirman que el sueño de Bolívar no fracasó sino que simplemente se ha pospuesto. A pesar, entonces, de la pulverización de América Latina en múltiples fronteras con repúblicas independientes, la identidad cultural forjada durante varios siglos y la necesidad actual de sobrevivir dentro del proceso mundial de globalización pueden estar llevando a formas de cooperación supranacionales (MERCOSUR, el pacto Andino, el grupo de los 3, la integración centroamericana, etc.) más allá de los límites fronterizos de cada país.

"Las plazas en la historia de Matamoros"

Uno de los elementos significativos que configura la estructura urbana de la ciudad son los elementos publicos. Dentro de estos espacios publicos destacan las plazas que son lugares que albergan muy diversas funciones comunitarias en los edificios que circundan; ademas de ser espacios para la recreacion y convivencia social. Los encargados de realizar el diseño de la ciudad de Matamoros, a principios del siglo XIX, plasmaron su percepcion sobre el espacio social ubicando las plazas a lo largo del territorio de la ciudad. El presente trabajo trata sobre distintos aspectos referentes a las plazas de Matamoros. Se encuentra dividido en cuatro partes. En la primera se habla de las plazas como espacios publicos. En la segunda, se hace referencia a las funciones urbanas que se desarrollaron en las plazas. En la tercera, se incorporan algunas crónicas de la vida en las plazas durante los siglos XIX y XX. Finalmente, se explica como se desarrollaron las plazas hasta nuestros dias.

"NAFTA and High-End Producer Services Firms in the North of Mexico"

This paper studies how NAFTA has contributed to the economic and tecnological performance of high-end (industrial) producer services firms in the north of Mexico, with emphasis on small and medium size firms that provide services especialized in highly advanced knowledge. Information collected in Monterrey, N.L. and Ciudad Juarez, Chih. through a survey interview among 136 firms and through 26 case studies is analyzed.

"Propuesta Metodológia para el análysis de los trabajadores en zonas de alto riesgo ambiental en la zona poniente de Ciudad Juárez"

El presente documento tiene por objetivo presentar la propuesta metodológia a utilizar en el análisis de las condiciones socioeconómicas de los trabajadores en sonas de alto riesgo en la zona poniente de Cd. Juárez. En la zona poniente de la ciudad se localiza alrededor del 58 porciento de la población principalmente de escasos recursos y que trabaja en la industria maquiladora. Esta zona se identifica con una posición media en lo que ha cobertura de servicios públicos un alto nivel de falta de pavimentación en la mayoria de las áreas de esta zona, asi como un mayor déficit en infraestructura. También de acuerdo a Protección civil en esta zona se encuentran asentadas alrededor de 6,957 familias en sonas de alto riesgo.

"Perfil de los menores indocumentados deportados por la frontera Mexicali-Calexico"

El trabajo presenta los hallazgos de un estudio descriptivo sobre los menores mexicanos indocumentados que son deportados por la garita Mexicali-Calexico. Los resultados son producto de una encuesta aplicada durante cinco años por la organización no gubernamental, Centro de Apoyo al Trabajador Migrante que brinda asistencia a los trabajadores migratorios indocumentados en la ciudad de Mexicali. Entre las conclusiones que se vierten, se plantea que la razón fundamental para la emigración de los menores de edad es la búsqueda de trabajo y no la reunificación familiar. También que la fuerza de trabajo de los menores indocumentados es utilizada en gran medida a pesar de la prohibición del trabajo infantil en EUA.

"Riesgos ambientales en la zona poniente de Ciudad Juárez"

En esta presentación se dan a conocer los riesgos identificados en la zona poniente de Ciudad Juárez con base en la aplicación de la metodología propuesta por Romo (1996). En el estudio se adoptó el enfoque sistémico, donde la evaluación se presenta a través de una perspectiva integral y donde se combinan distintos elementos: físicos, biológicos y antrópicos que reaccionan entre sí para generar un todo integrado y con características de una unidad con su propia dinámica, pero sin perder de vista la dinámica individual de cada uno de sus elementos.Esta forma de abordaje permitió un conocimiento real de la vulnerabilidad de la población y sus bienes materiales, así como su distribución espacial por medio de zonas. La zonificación resultante permitió reconocer las diferentes áreas por jerarquía de riesgo, con lo cual quedaría sentado como criterio a considerar en el ordenamiento del territorio en términos de planeación.

"Liberalizacion y globalizacion financieras y el desarrollo regional de Mexico"

Este trabajo diagnostica la naturaleza e implicaciones de los procesos de liberalizacion, desregulacion, y globalizacion financieras en el desarrollo regional de México. El paso de una economia altamente intervenida a una economia plena de mercado aparentemente ha conllevado en méxico y los paises de America Latina a una profundizacion de los desequilibrios sectoriales, sociales y regionales acumulados en decadas anteriores. En este respecto, la liberalizacion y desregulacion financieras constituyen uno de los factores que mas han acentuado la contracción de la intervencion estatal en la economia mexicana. Ademas, la creciente concentracion institucional y regional financiera a nivel nacional han alejado el financiamiento del desarrollo de las áreas más necesitadas. El problema se ha profundizado por la creciente internacionalización de los mercados e instituciones financieras nacionales. Sus operaciones responden más a los grandes consorcios y a la dinámica de las finanzas globales que a las necesidades de las empresas y los grupos locales.

"Finanzas públicas de los municipios de la frontera sur de México"

Los estudios fronterizos en México son abundantes. Sin embargo, la gran mayoria de los estudios se han concentrados en examinar y proponer soluciones a los problemas de la frontera de Mexico con Estados Unidos. Pocos son los estudios dedicados a analizar la situacion fronteriza del sur de Mexico. Este trabajo es una contribucion en este sentido. Analiza las finanzas publicas de los municipios de la frontera sur de de Mexico. Previamente se examinan las caracteristicas socioeconomicas de dichos municipios. Su proposito es identificar la magnitud y naturaleza de los desequilibrios del financiamiento publico en el sur de Mexico, asi como aportar elementos que contribuyan al mejoramiento del sistema nacional de Coordinacion fiscal y a la planeacion del desarrollo nacional.

"Border Region Population Projections to 2020"

The United States-Mexico border region has long been characterized as an area of rapid population growth. The purpose of this paper is to present projections of the 25 counties and 38 municipios adjacent to the U.S.-Mexico border to the year 2020. The projections are based on a cohort-component model. Perhaps uniquely, the projections on the two sides of the border have been prepared using a common methodology and similar demographic assumptions. The baseline data are from Mexico’s 1990 and 1995 censuses and the U.S. Census for 1990 and Census Bureau estimates for 1995. Three sets of projections are presented. The first set assumes the same migration rates as in the 1990-95 period. The second set reduces migration to 50 percent of the 1990-95 rates. The final set reduces net migration to zero --an unlikely scenario but one which emphasizes the growth of the border region population due to natural increase.

"Cross-border Image Formation in the Tijuana-San Diego and Seattle-Vancouver Border Corridors: A Cross-national Survey Analysis"

The paper analyses the origins of the images formed by Tijuanenses of San Diego and of Seattlers of Vancouver and visa versa. Descriptive statistics based on 1678 representative surveys conducted in the four cities document the images people hold of their sister city across the border along with their media usage and border crossing habits. Regression analyses isolate the relative impact the agents for impression formation of the different cities. US tv, e.g., exert a strong impact on images held by Mexicans and Canadians of the US cities across their borders while foreign media are virtually irrelevant for Americans' images of their neighbors. US citizens appear to base their impressions primarily on their personal experiences on the other side of the border. Political interpretations of these and other findings conclude the paper.

"Comparative Geographical Distributions of Social and Economic Characteristics in the U.S.-Mexico Border Twin Cities"

Based on small area data from the 1990 U.S. and Mexican censuses, the paper analyzes for eight binational border metropolitan regions the distribution of social, demographic, and economic characteristics, including literacy, language, education, income, marital status, labor force participation, unemployment, nativity, migration, and others. Characteristics common to both sides are adjusted to make them as equivalent in definition as possible. For age structure, there is a step change in levels between the two national sections, while for attributes such as marital status the relative levels are more equivalent and the distributions appears as from joint metro regions. Other characteristics analyzed are only available on one side or the other. The eight metropolitan regions are compared with each other and significant differences noted in relative levels and spatial distributions of attributes. The results are interpreted and discussed relative to border theory and literature.

"Environmental Racism on the Border: Bilateral Biocolonialism

Environmental justice issues demonstrate that "manmade" toxins, like natural bioregions, do not respect "manmade" borders and that Chicana/o communities share environmental threats with comunidades de Mexicanos/as. As toxins cross manmade borders with increasing ease, Chicanas/os and Mexicanas/os are prominent in a growing environmental justice movement that links the toxification of peoples and places with structural racism and patriarchy, and identifies environmental racism as the outcome of colonialist imperialism and multinational-corporate globalization. Amidst concerns over NAFTA and the "maquiladorazation" of the border, environmental racism and injustice occurs on both sides, hiding in the borderlands that are policed for immigrants and activistas, but not for environmentally toxic aliens. Our paper presents research findings –the shared and contradictory concerns of a cultural and environmental commons that risks becoming the toxic wasteland of the moneyed North.

"US border patrol: negocio o servicio?"

La frontera México / USA es el límite que marca la separación y la diferencia entre dos géneros de xenofobias. América del norte fuerte, ética, democrática, angloparlante; al sur, las miserias morales, los prófugos de la injusticia económica; las víctimas de la guerra económica declarada a México por sus gobernantes / agentes de la globalización. Son miles diarios de compatriotas los que huyen de México hacia USA en búsqueda de un mejor vivir; son "indocumentados" perseguidos como criminales de guerra. El US.Border Patrol ¿es el medio idóneo para resolver el problema de emigración "indocumentada" de México a los USA? ¿Para los contribuyentes estadounidenses es costeable el "Patrol"? La solución al problema expuesto ¿no estará en la equidad económica México / USA? ¿Usted que opina?. Las cuestiones anteriores son los motivos a tratar en el documento de trabajo.

"Cross-Border Solidarity: The San Diego Support Committee for Maquiladora Workers and Spoken Word of Marisela Norte"

"This paper examines the border through two textual filters: that of the written histories of the cross-border solidarity work of the San Diego Support Committee for maquiladora workers and that of the spoken word of Chicana poet Marisela Norte. Both texts theorize the relationship between capital and labor on the border and crossing back and forth across the border --thus, I see not only activists in solidarity across the border, but also disciplines, poetry in theoretical and material solidarity with union organizing efforts. This paper investigates the cross-border conversations and solidarities that are making connections between fields, disciplines and countries --conversations and solidarities that seek to make visible the oppression and violence of the unchecked border crossings of global capitalism.

"Rituals Amongst the Brothers and Across Bordrs: The York and Scottish Rites on Both Sides of the Border"

North of the Rio Grande, the York Rite of Freemasonry has long been much more popular than it is in Mexico, where the so-called Scottish Rite of Masonry had carried the day. Neither of these complex lodge systems has much to do with its name, i.e. the York has nothing to do with York in England and the Scottish is actually from France. Nevertheless, both are found on both sides of the border, -- but have mutated and developed in entirely different ways. A comparison shows much bout the political cultures that the border separates.

"La Cooperación transfronteriza de Cataluña y la integración europea"

El objetivo central es plantear los problemas principales de la cooperación transfronteriza e interregional de Cataluñ en el contexto de proceso de integración europea, desde la perspectiva de las relaciones intergubernamentales. La hipótesis plantea que no existe un consenso entre el Gobierno central y el de Cataluña (España) en materia de desarrollo regional, lo que se atribuye a las distintas posiciones de ambos niveles de Gobierno respecto al papel de la región el el proceso de integración europea. No obstante, existen ciertos consensos que han permitido que la relación intergubermental funcione, en un marco de cooperación y conflicto.

"Mexican Migrants Through the Anthropological Camera"

This presentation is the result of a collaborative project between a MA student in Photography and an Anthropology professor. Two different media are combined to show a visual and written ethnography of the lives of Mexican migrants in Texas. The image and the word are used to document the migration process and the cultural adaptation mechanism that migrants create and apply in order to accommodate to a unfamiliar cultural rationale.

"Troubles Amongst the Brothers of the Borders: American Freemasons View Mexican Freemasons"

Although one would think that a fraternal brotherhood like the Freemasons would promote friendship across the border, in actual fact there has never been a time when American and Mexican members could fraternize freely. The archives of a number of Masonic organizations reveal some of the problems which have prevented fraternization and which have meant that corssing the border involved crossing a wide gulf in perception of just what Masonry was and is. Although a highly secret society, Masonry does have large depositories of manuscripts and records, and one aim of this paper is to demonstrate how useful those holdings are to border studies.

"Inter-generation Variations in the Cultural Practices of Mexicans and Mexican Americans in the South Texas Border Region"

A combination of in-depth ethnographic interviews and fixed-response surveys were used to examine 43 specific cultural practices among Mexican and Mexican American residents of extreme South Texas. The representation of Hispanics in this area, known as the Lower Rio Grand Valley, is so high that Anglos are outnumbered even by residents who were born in Mexico. The cultural practices of the Hispanic population of this area include those associated with socializing, family structure, marriage, religion, folk medicine, celebrations, food, and language. The research reveals that while the reported use of certain types of cultural practices (especially those associated with folk medicine and celebrations) tends to diminish over several generations, others (especially those related to socializing and family structure) are less associated with multiple-generation status in the U.S. We found similar findings in expressions of the importance of maintaining such practices as part of one’s culture.

"Marginalídad urbana e ínseguridad pública en la frontera norte de México (estudios exploratorío)"

El acelerado crecimiento poblacional de las últimas tres décadas, ascoidao a un desarrollo industrial de tip manufacturero y al cruce de los flujos migratorios de los estados del centro del país hacia los Estados Unidos -entre otros factores- han ocasionado un desarrollo urrbano irregular (no planeado), en las ciudades fronterizas del norte de México. Surgen así cinturones de viviendas paupérrimas, en donde se asienta la población pobre, que sobrevive careciendo de los servicios públicos más indispensables: agua potable, electricidad, drenaje, educación escolarizada, etc. Esta marginalidad urbana y social se asocia cada vez más a problemas de inseguridad púúa. Por ello, considero relevante correlacionar ambos fenómenos, tomando como objeto de estudio los casos de Nogales, Sonora y de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, dado que ambas ciudades ejemplifican dicha situación. Todo ello con el objetivo de explorar al si dicha correlación es válida o no.

The Mexico-US border population explosion of the 1920s brought into conflict the newly arriving citizens and the old business elite. On the U.S. side, the more cultured church-going newcomers found offensive many of the frontier practices and morals of the old-timers. Businessmen that controlled the Chambers of Commerce on both sides of the border reaped much profit from tourism generated by prohibition. On the other side, Mexico City sought to gain more influence in the daily lives of border communities that had the reputation of being unsophisticated, amoral and dependent on American tourism. In 1922, the Reverend Bob Jones orchestrated a well-organized campaign against vice in El Paso-Cd. Juárez. The Chamber of Commerceaggressively opposed the campaign. The discovery of similar campaigns in other border communities will make the El Paso-Juárez case only a single example of a truly border-wide phenomenon.

"Notaries and Notarial Law on the Northern New Spain Frontier"

This paper focuses on: (1) the five public notaries appointed by the Crown to serve in Altillo, Mexico during the eighteenth century, and (2) the performance of the notarial functions by non-appointed individuals in the years before and after those Crown appointments. While revealing both efficiencies and inefficiencies in Crown notarial procedures and appointees on the Northern New Spain frontier, the Saltillo experience shows that the notarial system exhibited great flexibility in meeting frontier needs while maintaining the quality, authentication and preservation of documents essential to the proper functioning of notarial law and the legal system it supported.

"Rethinking Borderlands as Sites of Cultural Transnationalism"

This paper places the social and cultural effects of post-Cold War economic crossborder integration and the militarization of the U.S.-Mexico border1 into an international context. It rethinks the current cultural studies construction of "borderlands" as synonymous with ethno-racial diasporic formations by reading ontological changes in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands through developments in the Second World. The paper reconceptualizes the U.S.-Mexico borderlands from a place that is viewed as metaphorically representing the ethno-racial diaspora of Latina/os into a site of what I call people of color "cultural transnationalism." It juxtaposes cultural productions resisting the peripheral inclusion of Mexico into NAFTA with Second-World responses to its projected peripheral admission into the EU.

The Texas borderland represents one of the poorest regions in the United States. The analysis presented here seeks to assess the impact of borderland location on the prevalence of poverty among Mexican Americans across a selected group of communities located throughout Texas. Data from the 1980 and 1990 Summary Tape File 4B (STF4B) from the U.S. Bureau of the Census are used to conduct the analysis. The multivariate results indicate that borderland location exhibited a positive impact on the Mexican American Poverty rate in 1980 and 1990 and the change in the level of poverty during this period, even after adjusting for a variety of control variables. Further analyses, however, reveal that it is only border communities located contiguous to Mexico that had significantly higher levels of poverty in 1980 and 1990 as well as significantly greater increases in poverty during the decade compared to interior communites.

"Are NAFTA's Environmental Provisions Reconciling Trade Liberalization with Environmental Protection: Water Quality along the Borders?"

This paper examines the extent to which the CEC, BECC and NADBank, as institutions which emerged from the NAFTA process, are contributing towards improving water quality. The architects of NAFTA's environmental provisions and organizations envisaged that NAFTA would be the first free trade agreement to explicitly aspire, at least in part, towards the reconciliation of trade liberalization and environmental protection. Since NAFTA has been described as the world's "greenest ever" trade agreement, it is interesting to explore the lessons offered by the experiences of CEC, BECC and NADBank for any future agreements linking environment to trade. The presentation will draw upon findings from 123 interviews and case studies on the US-Mexican border and US-Canadian border.

"Power Structures and Party Politics in El Paso-Juárez"

Party politics is often influenced by the power structures found in the community. This paper will first compare and contrast the overall function of party politics in El Paso and Cd. Juárez. Second, it will compare and contrast the impact of the power structures on party politics in both cities. The paper will conclude with a discussion of the relationship of elites with each other within this political framework.

Las finanzas estatales en México: ¿Administración para el desarrollo?

En este trabajo se expone el comportamiento que han observado las finanzas estatales en México, posterior al advenimiento de la Ley de Coordinación Fiscal en 1980, haciendo incapié primeramente en los determinantes y la estructura del ingreso; pasando luego, con el fin de obtener una medida de comparación a nivel interestatal, por un análisis en términos por habitante. Una vez visto el comportamiento que ha observado el ingreso, en este orden de gobierno, nos enfocaremos en ciertas variables del gasto estatal que podrían considerarse primordiles dentro de la cuestión pública; el análisis de estas variables nos permitirá establecer el manejo que hasta hoy, se ha hecho de las finanzas públicas a este nivel, y de como la administración de los recursos ha contribuido, en este caso, al desarrollo de las diversas regiones que conforman nuestro país.

"Promoting Transboundary Cooperation Through Euroregions: (Part of) the Story to Date"

The European Union is based on national sovereignty guarantees for individual member states, as well as on a general consensus as to the redistribution of wealth in the interest of cohesion. As a result, local and regional transboundary co-operation in Europe has lost much its controversial character. Indeed, we can define an policy framework or „regime" for transboundary co-operation that is embedded in European and, to an extent, national structural policies and provides generous incentives for project-oriented co-operation. This regime has, among other things, openly supported the creation of so-called Euroregions. However, this has not automatically guaranteed the establishment of new public and private sector alliances to address policy issues across national boundaries in an effective manner. European experience would seem to indicate that border region policies have maintained an administrative, top-down and bureaucratic character that has not sufficiently integrated citizen and private-sector participation within the Euroregion context- particularly in areas characterised by stark socio- economic asymmetries, such the German-Polish border region.

"(IN)-Security: Illegal Immigration, Drug Interdiction, and the Securitization of the U.S.-Mexico Border"

In the past five years the U.S.-Mexico Border has experienced a rise in antionally funded efforts to stop illegal immigration and the flow of drugs. In this paper I will argue that two borders have been erected, one for each problem. I will argue this point using the concept of "securitization" developed by Weaver, Buzan, et al. I am interested specifically in four questions. Who are the actors that are pushing to securitize these two issues? How are they related? Where does the securitizing effect originate? Are the security mechanisms for immigration distinct from those of the drug war?

"Crossing Sociocultural Borders: Rural communities of Jewish Indigenes in Mexico"

Some communities face each other across international borders, others across social and cultural borders. In Mexico, overwhelmingly Roman Catholic, pockets of encapsulated non-Catholic groups still hide their cultural and religious differences long after the end of the Inquisition. Much has been written on the very visible Jews of Mexico City, but much less upon the Jewish communities of smaller Mexican cities, and very little about rural "Crypto-Jews" whose territorial extent straddles two countries. The latter communities are found sequestered in the highlands of what is now New Mexico and in sometimes remote villages in the Mexican interior. This paper, representing the early stages of an ethnographic study, compares the rural communities of Jewish indigenes and mestizos of Venta Prieta (Hidalgo) and Cocula (Guerrero) with the more urban Jewish communities of Puebla and Veracruz. Varying religious practices are compared, along with what is hypothesized to be the lingering impact of the centuries-dead Inquisition.

"Multidisciplinary Training and Transboundary Collaboration: Challenges for U.S.-Mexico Scholarship"

To become a multidisciplinary scholar requires mastery of specific skills, broad training and professional support, some of which may not be the mainstream thrust of any specific academic discipline. As a case study, sociology reveals that former linkages with anthropology provided cross-cultural perspectives and tools helpful for multidisciplinary scholarship. Later, in an age of specialization and technological sophistication, limited inter-disciplinary cooperation with sister social sciences (i.e., social psychology) replaced broad multidisciplinary investigation. Thus, the current small number of sociologists in the field of borderlands studies is not expected to expand significantly in the future. Difficulties in transborder collaboration between U.S. and Mexican institutions and scholars are examined. Salient factors which make collaboration more difficult include a diverse idealogical tradition of scientific investigation, the structure of higher education institutions and availability oof research funds and facilities. Some ameliorative aspects are examined.

"Sister Border Cities Face Scarcity, Growth and Stagnation: the Case of Puerto Palomas, Chihuahua and Columbus, New Mexico"

This paper presents a picture of two small rural communities on the U.S.-Mexico border (Puerto Palomas, Chihuahua and Columbus, New Mexico) about which, to date, there exists very little research. The two communities have extremely high population growth rates and very limited water resources. The estimated population growth for Palomas was 116% between 1990 and 1997, and Columbus experienced an approximately 79% increase in its population between 1990 and 1997. There is no corresponding growth in the economic opportunities available to the communities, nor do the existing water resources (only underground) appear to be enough to move the region towards long-term sustainable expansion. The paper presents demographic and economic data for the communities, as well as the effect of the growth on the shared underground aquifer and what the people of the region are doing to more efficiently manage their shared water resources.

"Ciudad Juárez Enters the Air Age: The First Aeroplane Reconnaissance in the History of Warfare, February 1911"

In the course of the siege of the Mexican border town of Ciudad Juárez in early February 1911 by Anti-Reelectionist rebel forces under the command of Pascual Orozco, there occurred an event which was to have profound repercussions on the subsequent phases of the revolutionary struggle in Mexico as well as twentieth century warfare in general. A group of French aviators who were on route from the U.S. to Mexico City to participate in an aerial exhibition in that city flew several flights over the besieged border town. The paper will assess the significance of this series of flights within the overall context of the development of aviation during the Mexican Revolution. It will particularly attempt to explain the circumstances by which the insurrecto forces early on gained the initiative over the federal army with regard to the use of aviation for military purposes. It will also discuss the role of the aeroplane in U.S. military operations in the above- mentioned border zone in relation to the feat of the French fliers.

"The Spatial Response of the Citrus Industry to Freeze in the Texas-Mexico Borderlands"

This paper will describe the spatial history of citriculture in Texas and the northeastern Mexican states of Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon. The evaluation of the land use changes that took place in this region will focus on the response to the freeze hazards in the context of regional history, agricultural policies and transboundary relationships. The future of citrus in the borderlands of Texas and Mexico will be discussed.

"Business cycle transmission between the United States and Mexico: A vector correction model approach"

This paper examines the transmission of business cycle fluctuations between the United States and Mexico. Testing for the existence of co-integration in the behavior of both Mexican and US business cycles, involves the formulation of a vector correction model which includes industrial production, prices, interest rates and exchange rates for both countries. Mexico’s open economy period between 1983-1998 is analyzed for most of the variables. Though this is still a work in progress, it is expected that definitive results will be available in early Spring.

"Práctica profesional de los ingenieros en la industria maquiladora electrónica"

En más de tres tres décadas de presencia en México, la industria maquiladora de exportación pasó de ser un esquema de ensamble para constituirse en un importante sector industrial, algunas de cuyas ramas industriales hacen uso de tecnologías de punta. El volúmen de los empleos directos generados inclue tanto la mano de obra directa y los empleados administrativos como los trabajadores del conocimiento: científicos, ingenieros y técnicos calificados. La práctica profesional de los ingenieros en la industria maquiladora electrónica deriva de un esquema de producción flexible con carácter global y se realiza en situaciones concretas vinculadas con las características de la rama productiva, tipo de producto, estrategia organizativa, diseño sociotécnico de la empresa y relaciones con proovedores y clientes.

"Two Banking Cultures in Mexico: National and Foreign Banking Strategies after NAFTA."

NAFTA has created new opportunities and challenges to foreign banking activities in Mexico. Foreign bank´s subsidiaries are permited but capital requirements and other legal restrictions limiting entrance became a real barriers for free competititon. Through the Michael Porter´s theoretical framework of competitive strategies, we compare both, national and foreign bank´s behavior. Working under the hypothesis that banking is a risk adverse activity we test it analyzing failure ratios, margins, costs, revenues and credit risk. In spite of those barriers, we find two banking cultures, meanwhile national banking performance shows worsen indicators, foreign banks shows no outstandings credits and increasing market penetration.

"La crisis asiatica y el poder adquisitivo de la mano de obra en la frontera México-EUA."

Este trabajo surge por la necesidad de cuantificar el impacto de la reciente crisis asiática de 1998, que hizo eco alrededor del mundo, en la economía real de la frontera México-EUA. El ingreso real, variable que refleja el impacto de manera inmediata, se deterioro ante las continuas fluctuaciones de la cotización del peso frente al dólar. A pesar de ser considerada una crisis "importada", en la frontera, dicho efecto, fue mas intenso como resultado de una economía transfronteriza en la cual el intercambio comercial lo realizan no solo las grandes firmas, sino los consumidores y vendedores de esta región. El estudio toma como referencia los cambios en el poder adquisitivo de la mano de obra de la industria maquiladora, que es una de las fuentes de empleo mas importantes, así se determino como una crisis de orden internacional modifico la estructura de empleos, de salarios, de precios y de consumo.

"The North American Free Trade Agreement and the Emergence of Political Action Groups in the United States-Mexican Borderlands"

The NAFTA catalyzed the emergence of political action groups in the U.S.-Mexican borderlands. The groups focus on human rights violations, labor rights transgressions, environmental degradation, public health advocacy, etc. They range from established international organizations to local groups centered on a single issue. The paper describes and analyzes the emergence of the groups by developing several foci. The first part of the paper explains the catalyzing influence of the NAFTA in the rise of the groups. The second section of the paper offers a classification of the several groups. The final part of the paper analyzes the political action groups by crystallizing comparative categories like national vs binational groups, their locations in the binational borderlands, theri relative sizes, the characteristics of their clientele, etc. The final section of the paper will also set out an analysis of the strategies employed by the political action groups.

"Limites discursivos de la narrativa, los reportes informativos y la dramatización en el debate en torno a la "guerra" contra los drogas"

Los reportes informativos, las narrativas y las dramatizaciónes son formas discursivas comunes el el debate en torno a la "guerra" contra las drogas. Los unos buscan presentar al público friamente los "hechos", las segundas, referir las acciones concretas de los involucrados en la "guerra"; las terceras, "mostrar" esas acciones conretas en su pleno desarrollo. Por si mismas, con todo, estas formas discursivas no son suficientes para la deliberación de las alternativas relevantes al asunto en cusetión: ni bastan para analizar el problema ni bastan evaluar sus posibles soluciones.

"Aperturismo comercial: la tragedia del trigo en Baja California"

El contexto de apertura comercial indiscriminada en el marco del Tratado de Libre Comercio con Estados Unidos y Canadá ha ido generando resultados desastrozos para los sectores más sensibles del campo mexicano, la producción y los productores de granos básicos. El desamparo que significa la referencia en precios del trigo de la Bolsa Agropecuaria de Chicago ante las condiciones de producción de los mexicanos sólo puede significar una tragedia. A pesar de que los promedios de producción trigera en Mexicali son de los más altos (más de 6 toneladas por hectárea) los costos de producción (más de 7,000 pesos por hectárea) derivados de las altas tasas de interés, los aumentos mensuales de combustibles y lubricantes, los incrementos a los fertilizantes, el incremento de las tarifas eléctricas, el bajo precio del trigo en Chicago, han hecho trizas el ingreso de los productores y de sus familias, ademas están acabando con la esperanza de los campesinos y con la planta productiva nacional de básicos.

"Health Care, Equity and Access: Promotora Programs in Latina Populations"

In communities which experience barriers to accessing health care, non-traditional approaches can provide new avenues to care and residual benefits of community empowerment. In recent years, "promotora," or lay health educator programs, have received national attention for their work in expanding health service access for the (Spanish speaking) Latino/a community. These programs utilize existing social networks in the recruitment of informal leaders, often women, who are trained to do health education outreach in their own communities. This paper will examine two promotora programs to explore the reasons for their development, and the role they play in 1) increasing positive health outcomes and 2) fostering community empowerment. The fiscal impact of these programs will also be considered. Promotora programs may signal an effective direction for health care providers and community leaders in improving both health and civic involvement.

The research paper allows for better understanding of the work-first approach of the current U.S. welfare state. Also, the work has allowed for the opportunity to discuss various effects of the Federal Welfare Reform Legislation, focusing on the positive and negative aspects of declining numbers, women and access to post secondary education and women’s over all experiences in the labor market.

At the 1971 White House Conference on Aging, the concept of "spiritual well-being" (SWB) was first introduced to the investigation of aging. A working definition of spiritual well-being is proposed here that is inclusive and reflects the view of the gerontologists: SWB lies at the deepest level of an individual's psyche and well being. The sense of SWB extends beyond tangible material satisfaction, physical health, momentary happiness, and psychological wellness and includes a sense of wellness and includes a sense of spiritually internal freedom from negative impacts of drastic conditions such as severe pain, disability, chronic conditions, or dying. The sense of SWB is important for the elderly or younger people with disability, given that they may face more adverse and uncontrollable circumstances in their lives which may not pertain to measurable happiness or mastery. Several contemporary psychological theories (i.e. Pargament's Religious Coping and Keckhausen and Shulz's Secondary Control) are highlighted in light of SWB ad coping with aging and disability.

Eighty six percent of all sexually transmitted diseases occur among person 15-29 years of age. African American adolescents are at a greater risk (Whitehead, 1994). The high rate of STD's among African Americans impacts the infant mortality and morbidity rates and the community at large. A pilot program will be implemented by two faculty (Bass and Pleas) persons from the School of Nursing in an effort to decrease the STD rate among this at risk population. The focus of this research pilot is on the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases among 13-19 year old adolescents. This work is in progress with implementation scheduled this fall of 1998. The research method that will be used will be group discussions. Participants will receive materials and information on sexually transmitted disease prevention. Approval has been received from Bethlehem Centers of Nashville, Tennessee. Information from the pilot groups will further direct the research project.

Over the past two decades, the disability rights movement has been instrumental in illuminating the sate of disempowerment experienced by persons with disabilities. Traditional planning models have not involved individuals with disabilities in needs assessment, service planning and service implementation (Billingsley & Houck, 1998). In response to the recognition that persons with disabilities should be in the forefront of informed systems change, and of planning and implementing their own services and supports, a social justice model of service planning and systems change was created and implemented by a team of university researchers, adolescents, parents, providers, educators and policy makers. This paper presents the model, its philosophical foundation in critical theory synthesized with principles and practices from action research (Finn,1994; Kondrat, 1994; Kondrat & Julia, 1997; Stringer, 1996), and its operationalization in a project designed to meet the transition needs of adolescents with disabilities.

Breast cancer is a major cause of mortality among African American Females. However, utilization of screening tools for this disease (self breast exams (SBE), mammograms) is very low for this population. It is widely accepted that early detection results in successful treatment. The breast cancer mortality rate could be effectively reduced approximately 25% to 30% through regular BSE and annual mammograms. In seeking a method to increase education and the use of screening for breast cancer among African American females, this study employed black churches to deliver the educational program and dispel myths about cancer. Research supports the role of church based programs in advancing health care concerns in minority communities. Black churches have traditionally provided access to and promoted health care for it church members. This study examines the effectiveness of utilizing the black churches a vehicle to promote education and increased use of breast cancer screening tools among African American females.

The first AIDS in Botswana was diagnosed over ten years ago. The emergence and rapid spread of HIV infection and AIDS in Botswana over the past decade has been phenomenal. The epidemic was initially concentrated in the cities but rapidly spread to rural areas. The gap between urban and rural infection The gap between urban and rural rates has narrowed, Botswana now has one of the highest rates of HIV infection. Estimates for 1995 suggest that 13% of the population in Botswana may be HIV infected. AIDS is now a major cause of morbidity and morality. Ten percent of the annual deaths are due to AIDS and HIV related conditions. At the current rate of infection, which is estimated at 100 persons per day, morbidity and morality will rise further. The social and economic consequences are likely to deepen in the next few years.

People with disabilities have experienced exclusion from mainstream employment opportunities. This exclusion takes many forms from unemployment (67%), to under employment (part time, "as needed", no benefits), to "employment" in segregated, subsidized settings such as sheltered workshops. In any instance, the odds against a person with a disability transitioning from unemployed/underemployed/sheltered "employment" to full time, full compensated employment in a typical community setting are astonishing. This paper explores selected dimensions of this employment discrimination, the consequences of well intentioned but misinformed attempts to help, and describes the author[s] consultation with a sheltered workshop in Evansville, Indiana during the Summer of 1998.

There is a clear statement in the literature that different cultures, religions, and ethnic groups have divergent views of disability and the place of persons with disabilities is society. of persons with disabilities in This paper is an investigation of these views and will compare different perspectives using Elaine Makask' Modified Issues in Disabilities Scale (MIDS) which is the only attitudinal scale and knowledge inventory of its kind based upon input from people with disabilities. We also will use the variables of gender, age, occupation, years in the field if working, educational level, country of citizenship, marital status, amount of contact with people with disabilities, and whether respondent identifies as a person with a disability. Being in Hawaii and having the chance to administer the MIDS on various Pacific Islands, we will have a rich mix of cultures and religions

Empowering research, such as Participant Action Research, raises the question benefits to people with disabilities as well as the researchers. The Center is pioneering a Family Focused Learning (FFL) methodology to achieve these goals. A family with a neurodevelopmentally disabled child is interviews. A tape of the interview is reviewed by graduate students and faculty. The students are divided into three groups to discuss family issues, need to know items, and learning issues. The focus is on questions relevant to the needs of the family. Each student researchers and writes the needs of the family. Each a paper discussing a particular learning issue. Limited to three pages, the information can aid the family b providing answers to the questions that were noted when watching the video. Using interviews of the students and as a participant observer the author will evaluate how well the goals were achieved in the five Family Focused Learning exercises during the 1998-99 year. Suggestions for improving and modifying the methodology will be provided.

This paper uses the Disability Studies perspective to analyze the concept of educational inclusion for children with disabilities. While the majority of the eight million disabled children in the U.S. public schools are reported to be included in mainstream classes, dedicated supporters of inclusion have noted that children with certain types of disability are more likely to be included that others. Focusing on the New York City public school system, this paper analyzes the history of special education and its approach to the question of inclusion vs. separation of children with disabilities. Disability Studies is defined and the concept of education inclusion examined from that perspective, with particular attention to the controversial issue of why some children are included while others are not, and why some school systems have made more progress towards that goal; of inclusion since the passage of P.L.94.142 than others, New York City among them.

Milieu therapy is a long-established modality in the treatment of acute and chronic psychiatric illness. Most of the thinking of illness. Most of the thinking concerning this topic, however, has dealt with supportive indoor environments, and ranges from inpatient unit structure and governance to the colors used for carpeting and walls in the physical space. A search of nursing and other professional literature revealed only minimal material on the outdoor environment as part of the therapeutic milieu. This paper briefly traces some historical aspects of healing gardens. A case study examines some components of outdoor healing spaces. The supportive roles of tactile and visual texture, movement, color, light contrast, sound, smell, shelter, and human perception are explored. The design and development process of an individual healing space are described.

Nearly a decade after the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). there is considerable disagreement about the law's merits and its impact. Some of this disagreement depends on how one defines disability and the nature of the problems faced by people who have disabilities. Both of these have shaped expectations about how an antidicrimination law can lead to social change. In this paper, I will discuss rationale for the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in terms of its assumptions about disability and the barriers faced by people with disabilities and assess the impact of the ADA in light of that rationale. I will then address the issue of how much social change in the isolated and stigmatized status of people with disabilities reasonably can be expected from a civil rights remedy. I will conclude by suggesting additional policy and social strategies that might be pursued in the coming decade to improve the position of Americans with disabilities.

"Health Care Organizational Change and Nurse Job Satisfaction: Implications for the Care of the Chronically Ill Patient"

As health care organizations undergo major redesign of their care delivery processes, more and more emphasis is placed on organizational culture and its role in facilitating or inhibiting change. Considerable interest also is evident in job satisfaction and related organizational commitment, which experts fear are eroding in systems where stability and recognition of prior contribution are lost (Meyer and Allen, 1997). Little is know about how these organizational characteristics relate to one another and whether a nurse's perception of the work environment influences his or her satisfaction with and commitment to it. Because of this, a study was undertaken at A.C. York VAMC to determine the relationship among organizational culture, organizational readiness, and job satisfaction and commitment in a sample of nurses (N=210) participating in a hospital-wide redesign process. Implications are drawn for the care of patients with chronic disease.

According to findings in Healthy People 2000 Mid-course review (1996), African American health continues as the lowest level with a healthy life span of only 56 years in comparison to Hispanics (64.8 years) and Whites (65 years). These figures suggest that much as to be done to close the gap. This study focused on identifying a community and then collected data regarding those health issues that are common to the African American population. With a 16% return rate the data cannot be generalized to the entire population. However, when combined with other sources) and, the data collected has meaning for a larger population. General findings indicate that while the younger respondents (18-29 years of age) did not identify themselves as having health problems, the hereditary health problems, the hereditary health problems with tones of chronicity became evident in the 30 and older age group.

African American women have a higher incidence of Type 2 diabetes when compared to African American men and 50% higher when compared to Caucasians (United States Department of Health and Human Services 1993; Anderson et al., 1991). Complications from diabetes mellitus such as blindness, heart disease, and mortality are more prevalent in African American women compared to African American men and Caucasians (Sunter, 1995). The prevalence and severity of the complications of diabetes mellitus are related to glycemic control. According to Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1993), glycemic control can prevent and delay progression of complications and improve disease prognosis. Self-care behaviors such as dietary management, weight loss, home blood glucose monitoring, and exercise are pivotal in diabetes management, with respect to glycemic control. The purpose of the proposed preliminary research project is to gain an understanding of glycemic control related behaviors

among African American Women with Type 2 diabetes.

In the late 1980's, administrators in the development Disabilities (DD) sector mobilized in response to HIV/AIDS. Few seroprevalance studies had been conducted among adults with mental retardation, but much was then unknown regarding the spread of HIV and the epidemic of Hepatitis C among institutionalized people with mental retardation was within recent memory. Concern centered instead on the aging and the development disabilities system of HIV infected children. We draw on data from qualitative interviews, case studies, and surveys to interpret the evolution of and structure of the HIV and DD sectors in response to the challenge of service coordination. It is suggested that service sector development was influenced by (a) frame misalignment between a self-consciously demedicalized DD sector and an HIV sector which emphasized patient identity and (b) the progressive transformation of HIV into a chronic, non-fatal illness.

This study examines prison overcrowding and recidivism rates in Ghana. It shows that Ghana’s approach to finding solutions to her crime problem has been fragmentary, often contradictory, and lacks any clear-cut policy direction. Non-custodial alternatives have been suggested that involve the communities through accredited traditional leaders, District Assemblies, town/village committees and other groups to reduce the over 200 percent overcrowding. Informal methods that remove offenders from the negative effects of incarceration, meet victims’ needs and protect society are recommended for implementation. Criminal law review to expunge archaic laws, such as ‘guilty but insane,’ and decriminalization of acts such as attempted suicide are among the reforms that emerges from the study.

"Correctional Management and Traditional Native American Healing: A Comparative Analysis of Conflicting Cultural Values"

The totalitarian nature of prisons and the rigid rule orientation of prison management directly conflicts with the cultural values of traditional Native American Healing ways and with the values of medicine people who bring these traditions into prisons. Traditional healing ways of the ancestors evolved in the freedom of the woodland, the plain, desert, or other natural setting. Consequently, traditional healing methods that are found in only a few prison systems around the United States operate in a totally alien environment from that of the ancestors. It should not be surprising then that only a few types of ceremonies are allowed in prisons under very regulated conditions. Where allowed, the most common ceremonies in prisons are: smudging with sage, pipe ceremonies, sweat lodges, tobacco offerings, use of eagle feathers and mentoring. Practices, such as the Sun Dance, self imposed blood letting sacrifices, herbal medicines and many other types of traditional healing ceremonies are not allowed. Contributing to the conflict between prison management and the Native American communities both inside and outside of prison is a lack of understanding of the inherent cultural values of the other. For example, many prison officials do not understand the simple ideas that most Native American ceremonies are event and location oriented rather than time oriented, that tobacco and eagle feathers are viewed as sacred objects to which individuals must have continuous free access, or that most healing ceremonies including sweat lodges are conducted in dark small spaces away from the watchful eyes of the guards. By contrast, many people who follow traditional native ways do not understand the legal obligations that prison officials have to provide equal amounts of time to all inmate religious activities, to enforce public health laws regarding smoking in the work place, or to control contraband within the prison. These, as well as other divisive issues, continue to worsen as Native demands for their rights continue to increase into the Twenty-First Century. This paper addresses the problem of mutual lack of understanding by presenting a critical conceptual schema which compares key correctional management and key native healing values. An understanding of these key values is necessary for long term resolution of some of conflicts between correctional management and Native American communities.

"Drug Interdiction: Researching the Viability of the Civil Air Patrol in Reducing Drug Cultivation and Smuggling in America"

Since the declaration of the war on drugs major efforts have been instituted by the U.S. Government toward interdiction strategies. One of the primary tools in this objective is the use of the Civil Air Patrol to identify and apprehend cultivation and smuggling of drugs for distribution in American. This paper examines the current contribution and effectiveness of the CAP with a sense to evaluate proposals for continued use. The approach to this study is a case methods with quantitative analysis conducted from data contained in official records.

The Tarrant County Drug Impact and Rehabilitation with Enhanced Comprehensive Treatment (Direct) Project was established in 1995 with a goal to break the cycle of substance abuse and criminal behavior of minor drug offenders, ages 17 and over. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of DIRECT project in meeting its goal of cessation/reduction in drug use and criminal activity. The implementation of the DIRECT project is essentially a policy change designed to achieve specific policy goals and its impact can be treated as a quasi-experiment. The study adopts the non-equivalent control group evaluation design where the results of the treatment groups is contrasted with that of a comparison group. The use of the comparison group design helps to separate the effects of the reforms from other influences that would also affect the outcome of interest.

The author presents his findings concerning the development and structure of gangs in St. Louis and Kansas City, Missouri. Their make-up, activities and both law enforcement and community-based efforts to address the gang situation are reviewed. A brief overview of existing literature on inner-city gangs is presented as the background against which the author’s semester-long filed observation of gangs in St. Louis and Kansas City took place.

"Urban/Rural Gang Migration Among Native American Youth in Western South Dakota: A Case Study"

Many Indian Reservations throughout our nation are experiencing a dramatic increase in both mainstream gang and pseudo-gang activity. Social and Geographic Isolation, Poverty, Youthful Populations, Created Dependency, Disorganized Police Structures, and Alcohol and Drug Abuse all combine to create conditions conducive to gang influence and activity. In western South Dakota this void has been quickly filled by urban gangs form Rapid City, South Dakota. Given their relatively close geographic locations there is a constant migration of Indian people between the Pine Ridge Reservation and Rapid City. As with many of the social problems endemic to Indian Reservations, the majority population living off of the Reservation is largely unaware and indifferent toward the plight of Native population. This research profiles the events that led to the emergence of gangs in Rapid City in the 1970s and the transformation of these early gangs into more organized, affiliated structures. The research also explains the migration of gang activities and structures from Rapid City to the Pine Ridge Reservation. The methodology includes interviews with the director of the Rapid City Police Department’s gang Unit, research with criminal investigators assigned to schools with the largest gang problems, personal interviews with gang members, Tribal Police, social service workers. This research ads to the slowly growing base of information directed at preventing gang infiltration of vulnerable populations.

Within the world of hip hop graffiti -- the dominant form of illegal graffiti in the United States -- a new, collective practice has recently taken shape: the wide-spread painting of graffiti on freight trains, as a means of circulating graffiti images beyond their initial points of production. This practice develops out the long-standing association of hip hop graffiti with train technology and culture, and out of broader hip hop graffiti orientations toward subcultural mobility and spatial expansion. The prevalence of this transient hip hop train graffiti generates a number of methodological challenges, in that the immediate subject of study is regularly discovered hundreds of miles from its initial context of meaning. The emergence of hip hop train graffiti in turn suggests a variety of theoretical trajectories, regarding the illicit reconstruction of cultural space, the utilization and reinvention of found media, the fluid and contradictory production of audiences for crime, the postmodern dislocation of image and identity, and the shifting boundaries of deviant or criminal subcultures.

"European versus Tribal Based Means of Social Control: Spiritual Dissonance Among Navajo Police Officers."

This research reports on the link between Navajo Police Officers’ feelings of spirituality and how they tend to enforce European-based law. The enforcement behavior of Navajo Police Officers is used as a proxy for the intensity of their feelings concerning the usefulness of traditional versus European-based forces of social control; the underlying assumption being tested is that self-determination is not only a state of law but a state of psychological being. Previous research suggests that a link exists between the Navajo Officers’ depth of feeling of spirituality and the officers’ attitude toward the effectiveness of the Peacemaker Division of the Navajo Court. A snowball method of sample development was used to select officers for intensive interviews. The findings suggest that the officers’ feeling of spiritual connectedness to his/her culture is inversely related to the strictness of the enforcement of European-based laws. In other words, the more spiritual the officer, the less likely the officer is to rely solely on European based laws, and the greater the reliance on other methods of problems solving.

"Crime in Chinatown: The Influence of Language on Attitudes and Beliefs on Crime and Crime Prevention"

This paper presents research on the Chinatown/kalihi community and its residents in Honolulu, and their attitudes on crime and crime prevention. The most serious crime problems identified by community residents were drug use and sales, prostitution, and homeless individuals. In general, community residents stated that more police presence, including additional patrols, was the service most needed. On a similar note, they believed that more police, direct actions against drug use and dealers, and a reduction of homelessness would be most effective in reducing crime. The language used by respondents to answer the questionnaire (English or Chinese) was a major variable in explaining differences in attitudes. Individuals who filled out the form in Chinese were less concerned about the crime problem and saw less need for greater police patrols and other solutions. The importance of this finding is discussed, along with suggestions for researchers on the relevancy of ethnicity and language on attitudes on crime and crime prevention.

In 1990, workplace homicide became the second leading cause of death at the workplace, after traffic accidents. Suddenly, it seemed, workers were firing back at employers in response to perceived injustices at the workplace and fear of job loss. This paper will discuss the workplace violence phenomenon, Neale case, and unique aspects of violence in government employment.

The Parole Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice introduced "Community Participatory Councils" in 1995 and 13 such groups now exist throughout the state to: (1) liaison between the local Parole Division office and the community, (2) educate the public about the supervision of releasees by the Parole Division, and (3) coordinate a variety of agency and volunteer services. These councils are unprecedented in corrections and their impact on supervision staff, if any, are unknown. This paper describes the awareness of parole officers and supervisors to activities of these councils and their perceptions of their impact.

"Organized Crime on the U.S./Mexico Border: An Exploratory Analysis of Gender Roles Within International Auto Theft Networks"

A qualitative study using ground theory (Strauss, 1987) was conducted on the boarder of the United States and Mexico in Brownsville, Texas. The Mexican American professional auto thieves involved in transnational auto theft were interviewed: four were female and six were male. The focus of this presentation will be on the four women. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of traditional gender roles as it pertains to gaining access to organized crime and participating in certain roles. Introduction to professional auto theft varies according to gender. Males introduced via friends, while for females, introduction was done via intimate sexual relationships and family ties. The study also found that in order to have a successful theft, roacarros (auto thieves) developed a division of labor. This division of labor is characterized by three roles: the chauffeur, the specialist and the mounter. The women were involved as chauffeurs and mounters, which were and high risk roles but none were specialized. The most prestigious role, the specialist, was only practiced by males.

This paper takes an in-depth look at contemporary issues in the punishment of sex offenders in America. Through a comprehensive content analysis of sixty-five newspaper articles taken from major newspapers across the United States, the effects of increased penalties and harsher legislation on this select group of criminals is shown to be the result of irrational fear on the part of the public. Six major areas that emerged from the research will be covered. These include registration, notification, sexual predator laws, involuntary commitment in psychological institutions, castration, and the problems that arise when the offender is a female.

This paper is based on the author's fieldwork experience with troubled youth, including those who run away from home, are abandoned by their parents, and drop out from school, in the past three years. It discusses strategies and tactics in locating research subjects from the street, eliciting participation from unwilling subjects, empowering disadvantaged subjects to relate their stories, cross-examining subject responses in the interview, and protecting the researcher from possible dangers while in contact with problem subjects. Various live examples and episodes are included to illustrate how generalizations in each category are made from the real world experience.

The issue of racial minority representation and experience within America’s correctional institutions has been the subject of research and writing in efforts to describe and explain the nature of such representations. The representation of the experience of incarceration for many Indigenous peoples must be considered on an individual and a spiritual plain. This paper considers the experiences of two Native American inmates. The unusual aspect of these examinations, and possibly the experience of other Indigenous peoples within American prisons, has been the unexpected results that the Indigenous people interviewed, have attributed to the prison experience. This presentation will examine the experience and the impact of incarceration on the Indigenous person and personal spirituality.

The purpose of this paper will be to compare criminal justice problems and policies in two very different states: Oklahoma and Minnesota. Oklahoma, a rigidly conservative state, has an incarceration rate that is second highest in the nation (only Texas is higher) and also has the death penalty. Minnesota, a much more liberal state, has the second lowest incarceration rate with no death penalty. Yet the violent crime rate in Oklahoma is twice that in Minnesota. This paper seeks to explain, discuss and speculate as to why this is so. What are the variables at play in this equation? Is culture the paramount reason for these differences? Do Minnesota’s more liberal policies create a climate where crime is less likely (creating less poverty, for example)/ A final intriguing question is: do criminal justice policies create a climate for more or less crime? Is state sponsored violence (death sentences and high incarceration rates) a malefactor itself in increasing the violent crime rate?

Sex research and sex law historically have often been at odds in terms of professional conceptualizations and popular presentations of motive, affect, and even acts involved in sexual behavior, especially those that have made up whatever was called "sexual deviance" and "pornography." During the 1980s, however, these disciplines seemed to coalesce over one of the decades’ most visible issues, youth-adult sex. But because it was based on the promotions of bad science, authoritarian power, and everyday journalism that period is now known as the child sex abuse hysteria, and key concepts and characters insisted upon so vehemently then are now severely disputed by empirical studies, both old and new. Since contemporary sex abuse laws have almost all been the product of a period of irrational panic, current developments in sex research promise to return sexology and criminal law once again to opposition.

"Everyone Benefits: The Recrudescence of Joint Venture Prison Industries and Work Training Programs in a Post-Industrial Labor Market"

This paper examines the recent flowering of joint venture prison industries and vocational training programs designed to place convicts and parolees into the labor market. Our thesis is that this renewed interest in the labor power of prisoners and ex-offenders is the result of the transformation of the U.S. into a low wage "service economy." While economic forces are necessary, they are not sufficient to explain initiatives to turn convicts into a profitable labor force. The analysis of two recent southern state programs reveals that many ideological, political, and bureaucratic interests involved in joint ventures. U.S. developments will be compared tothe Japanese system of prison subcontracting.

This study reports the results of a year long monitoring of the implementation of a proactive neighborhoods community policing initiative in Ponca City, Oklahoma. Several neighborhoods in this community of 30,000 population located in north central Oklahoma have been the setting for three separate neighborhood surveys in connection with the Ponca City Police Department’s launching of the Westside Neighborhood Project. The project involves the efforts of that city’s police department in introducing Problem-Oriented Policing into this group of neighborhoods. The current initiative involving the present adoption of a proactive neighborhood-based crime control and prevention strategy would incorporate as well as active evaluation component in monitoring the project’s effectiveness and success. This research presents the findings in association with the evaluation role and aspects of the Ponca City Westside Neighborhood Project initiative.

The Ukrainian economy has shrunk by more than 60% since 1989, but the decline has been distributed unevenly between sectors. Recently, sectoral data on capital stock has become available with the research of Easterly and Fischer [1997]. Moreover, there is some evidence on varying degrees of economic corruption and informality of the economy between sectors. In this paper I document the productivity slowdown in Ukraine. The evidence shows that agricultural decline has been largely due to productivity shifts, while some other sectors have declined due to lack of investment. This result suggests that reflating the economy and financial restructuring may help some areas of the economy but not others. Additional evidence is provided to show that the level of informality may account for some sectoral differences in economic decline. The service sector's sharp productivity decline may be overstated if their true production is reflected, for example, by electricity consumption.

"Why is Michael Jordan so productive? Player productivity, salary dispersion and team chemistry in professional basketball."

How many wins does each professional basketball player produce? An answer to this question can be uncovered via the utilization of basic econometric analysis. Although this paper will discuss a simultaneous equation model that examines how productive a player is, the primary purpose of this exposition is to delve into a deeper question: What determines how many wins a player will produce?

Within this larger question is imbedded two additional lines of inquiry. What impact, if any, does a team’s salary dispersion have on player performance? Secondly, does team chemistry impact a player’s productivity? Although each of these secondary issues can be thought of as separate questions, in the interest of properly specifying a model designed to explain a player’s productivity, each will be examined jointly.

In the past decade several billions of dollars have been spent improving the ability of the National Weather Service (NWS) meteorologists to provide more accurate and timely weather forecasts and warnings. Yet little is known about the value of these improvements to the ultimate users of the information. Several questions, such as which sources of weather information users prefer and how information is utilized, for the most part remain unanswered. Certainly these answers will vary according to the economic or social context one examines. The purpose of this inquiry is to provide an example of how these questions can be answered for one particular sector, the surface transportation industry.

Little is known about the relationship between the amount of monopsony power and the degree of labor market discrimination. There is no theoretical work on the subject, except for Becker [1971], who showed under restricted conditions that an increase in product market competition can reduce employer discrimination. A few empirical studies of sports provide mixed or inconclusive results. This paper presents a theoretical model of monopsony power and discrimination. Rather than examining what happens to market discrimination when the number of employers changes, the model is of a monopsony firm which hires white and nonwhite workers with identical wage elasticities. The focus of the model is on the relationship between wage elasticity and the ceteris paribus white/nonwhite wage gap. The robustness of this relationship is examined by comparing results obtained for different production functions. Counterintuitive results are obtained and policy implications are discussed.

Using eighteen life history narratives, we examine the determinants of women's choice to enter--and remain in--customarily male-dominated occupations. We compare the childhood experiences and career trajectories of women in blue-collar occupations with those in professional fields, such as architecture and engineering, that remain male-dominated. Results indicated that, across occupational categories, most respondents shared many commonalities in childhood experiences, including an early preference for sex-atypical activities and chores, predominance of males among siblings and playmates, desire to engage in outdoor activities and work with their hands, and an early self-identification as a "tomgirl." Commonalities and differences in gender barriers between the professions and blue-collar occupations also are explored. Our findings highlight factors that serve as facilitators and barriers to women's opportunities in non-traditional occupations. Our study challenges two widely-held assumptions: that gender-role socialization is a passive activity which strongly influences occupational choices and that affirmative action has outlived its usefulness.

Though many developing countries maintain fixed exchange rate system, recent trends in East Asia and other regions confirm that economic activities in these countries are affected by exchange rate fluctuations in key industrial countries. Among some of the concerns is the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on the demand for real money balance. A few have conducted empirical investigations on the relationship of demand for money and exchange rates in developing countries. The results of previous studies show mixed evidence. The current study investigates the impact of exchange rate on the demand for money in sample developing countries using a) different model specification, b) recent data, and c) different estimation technique.

Recently, much attention has been paid to the level of charitable donations and volunteering in the United States. At the national level since 1989, the percentage of households contributing to charity has declined, with less fluctuation in the amount of giving. Over the same time period, the percentage of households volunteering has also declined, with the number of hours per week staying relatively constant (Giving and Volunteering in the United States 1996, Hodgkinson and Weitzman, p. 2). Interestingly, Midwesterners were found to be more generous than the national average. How does Minnesota compare to the rest of the Midwest? In this paper, we look at personal philanthropy among Minnesotans as compared to both the Midwest and national average by using data obtained from the St. Cloud State University annual statewide survey.

Private sector unionization has been declining in the United States for more than thirty years. Traditional explanations for this decline fall into four major categories: 1. Structural shift in the economy; 2. Public policy substitution for union services; 3. Management opposition to unions; 4. Weak organizing strategies on the part of unions. This article takes a narrow focus on the substitution hypothesis by examining the impact of the changing composition of employee compensation on unionization. Specifically, the question of how unionization is affected when the ratio of benefits to total compensation increases is examined.

Economic appraisal seeks to determine project feasibility in terms of either effectiveness or efficiency. Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) has gained wide acceptance in health care as perhaps the best tool for determining outcomes effectiveness because CEA values health in units of health outcomes. On the other hand, cost-benefit analysis (CBA), which is used to determine efficiency, has seen only limited applications in the health care field. A primary reason CBA valuations face skepticism in the health field is that they value health in dollar terms, not in units of health outcomes as CEA does. Certain unique aspects of the healthcare market prevent it from being able to generate appropriate market information (Phelps, 1997). Excessive regulation at every level, a high degree of uncertainty about the event called "illness" and intervention outcomes, asymmetric information between physician and patient, and finally, pervasive externalities distort the information set. This paper examines the problems that attend the use of cost-benefit analysis for healthcare project analysis and evaluation.

"The Recession of 1949 -- America's First Post-War Recession"

This paper will analyze some of the factors and the institutional framework in 1948-49 which contributed to the first recession after the reconversion to a peacetime economy. The recession of 1949 was the mildest of all the post-war recessions and occurred after several years of prosperity.

For many years, it has been noted that the dispersion of pay at Japanese enterprises is substantially less than that in the U.S. It has been argued that egalitarianism has improved the efficiency of Japanese enterprises, cultivating a sense of teamwork and solidarity among employees and managers. But in Japan there is one high-profile exception to pay egalitarianism: professional baseball. It is well known that there are substantial pay differentials between teammates on North American sports teams. This study shows a similar pattern for Japanese Professional Baseball. Pay dispersion is much greater in Japanese baseball than other industries in the country. But does the necessity for efficient team play constrain pay differentials? Using player and manager salary data from Japan, I test whether teams with relatively high pay dispersion perform differently than teams with less unbalanced pay.

The disappearance of the vast buffalo herds of the American West in a little more than a decade (1870-1881) marks one of the more startling events in U.S. history. Advances in transportation, firearms, methods in hunting, and the unyielding westward movement of population and agriculture played important roles. In addition, the failure to establish an effective code of either common property laws or individual property rights that would have preserved the herds played a critical role in the demise of the buffalo. These failures are the focus of this paper.

This study traces efforts by: (1) the American Indians to preserve the buffalo and ensure orderly harvesting for themselves; (2) many states and the federal government to preserve the buffalo through legislation; and (3) the professional buffalo hunters to establish property rights among themselves. While none of these efforts were successful in maintaining the vast herds, the buffalo was saved from extinction by legislation and, even more importantly, by a nation finally willing to bear the cost of saving this unique animal.

The periodization of the economic history of man is well established. The debate is whether there is some pattern or regularity within the evolution of economic institutions. Based on a Malthusian/Marxian perspective, a simple economic model of institutions is proposed.

The "equilibrium" between economic and political institutions is defined as the "steady state" of the economy, while the stability of the equilibrium points to the direction of economic evolution. Using China as the case study, the model is used to explain/predict the evolution

This study analyzes the gender employment patterns in Taiwan for 1978-1995, calculating an index of job segregation by (1) industry, (2) status of work, and (3) occupation. Gender representation has become more unbalanced across industries, with most of the gender gap occurring over the 1986-1995 interval. Women have tended to concentrate more than men on paid employment; self-employment and business ownership have been more male-oriented. Nevertheless, segregation by status of work has been stable. Segregation by occupation, however, has increased dramatically--more than doubling over the 1986-1995 span and nearly tripling for 1978-1995. Gender gaps in executive, clerical, service, and production jobs have widened. With Taiwan evolving from an LDC to an NIC within this time frame, economic "development" may have caused the apparent deterioration of equality. After controlling for "development" (and economic growth), we found that the gender equality had actually improved.

Until the early 1900s, timber harvesting was done primarily with the use of animals. Horses, mules and oxen were used to drag or "skid" trees from where they were cut to loading points. From there, teams of animals hauled the loads to saw mills. Steam powered winches and crawler tractors quickly reduced and eventually eliminated the animals' role in logging. Today, however, there is increasing interest in the employment of low impact, environmentally correct methods of ground-based extraction. Consequently, the use of horses and mules in lumbering is making a small, but significant, comeback. This paper reviews the history of animal logging and examines the environmental and economic factors of this renaissance.

"Do Hong Kong SAR and China Constitute the Domain of an Optimal Currency Area? An Empirical test of the Generalized Purchasing Power Parity Hypothesis"

The paper explores the long-run real exchange rate (RER) behavior of Hong Kong and China by testing the Generalized Purchasing Power Parity hypothesis (G-PPP). G-PPP argues that if the fundamental variables determining RERs are sufficiently integrated, as in a potential optimal currency area, the RERs should share common trends. The findings of this study suggest that: (1) At present, Hong Kong and China do not seem to form an optimal currency area by themselves; (2) when Japan and the US are added to the group, common trends can be found; (3) the long-run elasticity between the RERs of Hong Kong and China is negative.

"Making Promises They Cant Keep? Developing Countries, The TRIPs Agreement, and Pharmaceutical Piracy"

The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPs Agreement) established a set of rules governing intellectual property for industrialized and developing countries. However tensions continue to run high when the discussion turns from patent and trademark infringement to pharmaceuticals and public health. Stronger intellectual property rights imply a tradeoff, and the costs of such tradeoffs must be considered. These tradeoffs include increased market power, administration and enforcement infrastructure, and the incentives to invest. In the case of pharmaceutical piracy the stakes are particularly high. This paper seeks to explore the issues raised by such tradeoffs, examine the costs faced by developing countries, and consider potential solutions. Have developing countries committed to an agreement that they are unprepared or unable to comply with? The answer may determine the direction of future intellectual property rights disputes and negotiations.

This research is an econometric investigation of the determinants of academic performance in Oklahoma schools. The primary objective is the identification of household, community and school inputs that exert a significant influence on performance, as well as the magnitude of their individual impacts. The results will permit better design of cost-effective short and long term policy options available to the state. Specifically, the major outcomes of this research are: (1) the identification of those factors contributing to Oklahoma students' academic performance; (2) the ranking of those factors by magnitude of influence; (3) the classification of those factors which can and cannot be addressed through public policy; (4) the identification of academic performance measures most (least) likely to be addressed successfully through public policy. The data is drawn from the Oklahoma Educational Indicators Program report for 1997, with observations of over 500 school districts in the state.

Rapid population growth and economic development have led to high concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and dust (particulate matter greater than 10 microns, (PM10)) in Las Vegas, Nevada. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of air quality on property values. We use a model that accounts for spatial autocorrelation to examine relationships between neighborhood effects and property values not captured by traditional hedonic air quality models. Following Dubin (1992, 1998), we will use the kriging technique to predict property values.

Developing countries need to be more efficient in the use of their resources human and material, since increased productivity plays a major role in the determination of the wealth of nations. In some studies of the industrial segment of the private sector in Nigeria spanning about one and a half decades, only a modest increase in productivity was recorded. Value-added accounted for most of the changes in productivity and employment played a lesser role. The trend in productivity growth in the industrial sector during the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) was low. Although women were found to possess the potential for increased productivity, this was constrained by some societal attitudes. The productivity of University teachers (which is an important fragment of the public sector) is now at its lowest ebb even to a casual observer. Future research will focus on this subsector.

The paper follows an approach based on General Systems Theory, as further informed by the emergent Science of Complexity. It builds upon part of the theory presented in my chapter titled "A Holonomic Approach to Sustainable Development in Locally and Globally: Seeking a Middle Path to Sustainable Development [Alan McQuillan and Ashley Preston editors, University Press of America, 1998]. It looks at the relationship between agriculture, manufacturing/ transportation, and services/communication and discusses conditioning/control processes among them not unlike those which exist between the economy, the biosphere and the material world, or among the economy, the political/legal system and culture.

"Are Non-macroeconomic Determinants of FOMC Members’ Voting Affected by Differing Macroeconomic Environments?"

Both macroeconomic and non-macroeconomic factors are often cited as important determinants of the voting behavior of Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) members. Researchers have attempted to estimate these influences using a variety of models and econometric techniques yet the findings of that literature are far from consistent on the issue of the relative importance of these factors. This study approaches the estimation of macroeconomic versus non-macroeconomic influences on FOMC members’ voting by examining voting behavior as a two-stage process. In the first stage the macroeconomic environment is considered to be the most important factor determining members’ votes. When that environment clearly signals a particular policy action (tighter or easier monetary policy), little room is left in the decision-making process for non-macroeconomic factors to influence individuals’ votes. When, however, the macroeconomic picture is less clear, a second stage arises where political factors and personal characteristics are more likely to influence FOMC members’ votes. Results support our two-stage model and help explain differences in findings of past studies.

We often hear broad generalizations about differences in private sector decision-making and the governmental process. The paper presents eighteen specific differences in these two ways of directing the economic process. Points of comparison include the following: (1) time horizon for decision-making, (2) conditions that bring expansion or curtailment of activities, (3) inter-personal and intergroup accommodation, (4) neglect of some costs and benefits in decision-making, (5) sources of activity evaluation, (6) incentives for information acquisition, (7) stability of enterprise activity, and (8) modes of benefit distribution. The purpose of the comparisons is to assist in decision-making to create a more effective mix of public sector and private sector activities in the future.

Managers of mutual funds make investment decisions based on their risk preferences as well as a set of other personal characteristics such as age, education, and experience. The present study determines the impact these characteristics have fund performance. In addition, the paper determines if there are performance or other differences between funds managed by women and those managed by men.

Advancements in technology change the world we live in on an almost daily basis. New ways of communicating and sharing information effect every aspect of our lives, allowing us to do more and to do it faster. However, it has also widened the gap between developed and developing countries and by all indications, will continue to do so.

This paper will first try to determine some of the promoters and obstacles of sustainable development, and to identify how technology can be used to either enhance or subdue them. It will then present a survey of case studies on how technological advancements have been used to aid in development and the success of such implementations. Next, it will review the cases using various studies on technology in aiding development and discuss the pros and cons of using each of these alternative methodologies to evaluate technology in developing countries. Finally, the paper will try to develop a generic cost/benefit model for evaluating the effectiveness of using technology to support sustainable development.

"The Potential Role Of Micro And Small Scale Enterprises To Promote Growth And Alleviate Poverty: Evidence From Java, Indonesia"

The role of micro and small enterprises as a source of employment and income in many developing countries has been recognized. Studies conducted in several countries have also provided an understanding of the general structure of such enterprises. However, given their diversity in terms of size, ownership/management, location, constraints faced, years in operation and other characteristics their relative contribution would be different. As a result, there is a need to examine their role within the context of specific goals such as poverty alleviation and growth. This paper will use data collected on various aspects of micro and small enterprises in Java, Indonesia, in 1996, to analyze the role of micro and small enterprises in achieving the above two goals. A comprehensive review of the literature on the subject will be made to guide identification of enterprises that contribute to each of the goals. Policies and programs appropriate to further enhance the contributions of such enterprises in alleviating poverty and promoting growth will be suggested based on the findings.

In the People's Republic of China, urban houses are mainly constructed and managed by local governments and public-owned enterprises. Housing is rationed to urban residents as a welfare good with a symbolic rent charged, based on occupational rank, seniority, and family size. In this paper, we investigate the characteristics of the urban housing sector. We also examine the determinants of housing supply and consumption in Chinese urban areas.

Tournament compensation schemes detailed in the literature describe an agent’s reward for participating as a function of the agent’s rank-ordering in the tournament: either those agents with higher relative performance receive larger payments or the winner of the tournament takes all. We examine a tournament in which there are explicit rewards for both winning and losing, namely the National Basketball Association’s (NBA) season of regularly scheduled games. Those teams finishing the regular season with better relative performance records are invited to participate in the league’s playoffs. On the other hand, those teams not qualifying for the playoffs have historically been given rewards in the form of better draft choices for the next season. We examine data from the 1983-84 and 1984-85 seasons to determine if teams changed their effort levels in response to changing incentives, namely the introduction of the NBA draft lottery to determine draft choices.

"The Foreign Exchange Risk Premium, Real Interest Rates and the Terms of Trade: Evidence from Volatility Models Using Monthly Data"

Recent investigations employing standard regression techniques suggest that the real interest rate differential is irrelevant for explaining exchange risk. This finding is surprising for investors who evidently consider relative real returns for their international portfolios. In this paper, I re-examine the channels through which real interest rate differentials and changes in the terms of trade affect the foreign exchange risk premium.

I find that the significance of the real interest rate differential is recovered using a dynamic regression model for US variables relative to Canada, Germany, Japan, and the UK. However, the "noise" variable appears to play a rather strong role. Hence, I propose and estimate two volatility models--GMM and GARCH--where the conditional variance of the risk premium is modeled directly. The volatility models cannot be rejected. Roughly speaking, the results imply that the level of the premium is a function of the real interest rates and the risk premium variance, while the variance itself is a function of the conditional variances of both real interest rates and terms of trade changes.

Economies of scale and scope have very significant implications for the recent deregulation environment, specifically related to mergers, acquisitions, and interstate banking and branching. Deregulation in those aspects is economically justified when scale and scope economies in banking are significant. In this study, 500 banks from ten industrial states (50 from each state) were randomly selected each year from 1990 to 1996. The well-known translog and quadratic cost functions were applied. In the quadratic cost functions input prices were included in some equations, but not in others. Only positive output values were included in the translog cost functions in this study. Results show some scope economies for some pairs of outputs, but not for others. There were some scale diseconomies from 1990 to 1992, but some scale economies from 1993 to 1996. Our empirical findings are inconclusive and are similar to some other studies even if the variables and time period of this study are different from the others.

This paper estimates demand elasticities for reproductive and ambulatory medical care when the majority of patients do not have medical insurance coverage. Using data from 1995 to 1998, the demand elasticities are found to be different from the Rand HIS estimates of the late 1970s. The explanations for this variation are threefold. First, much reproductive medicine is predominantly medical care for women. Secondly, the patients in this sample have different socio-economic characteristics than those in the California study of 30 years ago. Finally, the price elasticities of ambulatory care here are for a sample which is largely uninsured, or uninsured for reproductive medical treatment.

Human capital theory provides a link of education and experience and wages. The theory does not say much more about the sorting mechanism by which this link comes about. In this paper, we combine information about the person's reported occupation with information about the typical skill content in this occupation, and we relate this to the wage rate that the person reportedly earned. This allows us to examine which among the various skills generated by education are rewarded in the labor market. The policy implications are obvious: invest in the formation of skill components that the market values more highly.

As a fundamental shift from a product-based, industrial economy to a service-based, information intensive economy has occurred, the contributions of innovative small businesses and entrepreneurship to economic growth has been highlighted. Local policy-makers realizing that a healthy entrepreneurial environment must exist for these firms to succeed, have responded by adopting initiatives to provide financial, technical, and management assistance. Most of these strategies are designed to create an entrepreneurial infrastructure which can reduce the effects of problems encountered during start-up and early maturation when such ventures are most at-risk. One tool for promoting long-term development objectives and nurturing "homegrown" entrepreneurs which gained increasing popularity during the 1980s is the small business incubator. Even though the incubator "model" has been adapted as an effective development tool in a diversity of circumstances, its feasibility for promoting a given community depends extensively on the coordination of these goals with the community's strengths. This paper will highlight the important steps to conducting such a feasibility study.

"Commitment Through Information Decentralization: Private Incentives, Public Finance, and Financial Control in China's Transition to Market"

In the absence of constraints on the state by a rule of law, reducing information available to the state allows the state to credibly commit to less predation. Such an information decentralization is implemented in China through the extensive use of cash for making transactions unmonitored by the state and anonymous household bank deposits for making the identity of the depositors unknown to the state. The former created private incentives in a credible way. The latter resulted in a large amount of savings in the state banks. Although the state is unable to collect tax from the nonstate sector, it uses bank savings to finance its activities indirectly. This simple mechanism explains observed patterns of China's transition such as sectoral productivity differentials, industrial distribution, credit allocation biases, tax incentive differences. There is a quasi-fiscal role for the financial system due to the state's control over banks and capital flows.

Economists have long recognized psychic income (enjoyment or dislike) from working and have estimated associations between job attributes and wage differentials. This paper takes a different approach by testing methodology for directly measuring the total psychic income from three types of household production---meal preparation, laundry, and lawn mowing. Two versions of this approach rely on estimates of householders in a preliminary sample of 68 of how much lower the market price would need to be for them to have bought rather than made the marginal unit. The first regresses that amount on four quasi Likert scale values of the home producer's attitudes toward the forces driving make or buy decisions, i.e. enjoyment of doing (psychic income), quality, saving money, and avoiding shopping. In the second, the householder directly apportions the amount among the four forces. The results are encouraging and suggest modification to improvement the techniques.

I explore the role of international capital movement in economic growth in a two country world with fully open economies, both international trade and international capital flows. I find that at least in the short run, which could be quite a long time, it is very possible that balanced growth for each country, which is the common assumption in modern economic growth theory, does not exist, or only exists on "knife-edge." Moreover, unbalanced growth rates for each country in the short run (if it is) could not converge to the balanced growth rates eventually in the long run, which most economists believe; there exists great fluctuation in long run international capital flows. My detailed results could explain why every country prefers an open economy. Fixed and varied rates of time preference for consumers are introduced to examine the robustness of the results. Policy implications also will be discussed.

Previous studies on the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on trade have focused exclusively on the impact of short-term exchange rate volatility and found ambiguous results. We argue that long-term exchange rate uncertainty is a more appropriate risk measure for a typical trade contract which spans more than a month or a quarter. In addition, firms may not choose complete hedging in the presence of a larger transaction cost and the increasing difficulty of correctly predicting the future course of the exchange rate when the terms of maturity increase. We study the impact of the long-term exchange rate uncertainty on the bilateral trade of the U.S. with major industrial countries and find some weak evidence of a negative impact at the horizon of 6 and 12 months.

On August 25, 1997, Florida Gulf Coast University (FGCU) - the 10^th university in the State of Florida University system opened its doors to new students in Southwest Florida for the first time. In order to secure funding for its creation, the Florida State Legislature mandated that as part of its mission, FGCU would be devoted to the development and implementation distance learning. In keeping with this mission, the Department of Finance at FGCU created a curriculum hat is very reliant on the internet and email for delivery of instruction and to maintain student contact. This approach to teaching is new and challenging not only for faculty, but for students as well. As a result, we have decided in September 1997 to survey (see attached) our students to determine their perceptions about its advantages, disadvantages, successes, and limitations. One year later, we distributed the same survey instrument to see if time had any impact on these perceptions.

Experts have long expressed concerns over the functioning of the hedge-fund industry; such concerns became the subject of intense scrutiny during October 1998. Policymakers are increasingly becoming concerned about the safety of the financial institutions that engage in complex derivatives trades, and particularly when such trades are multinational in nature; these institutions include hedge-funds, insurance firms, investment banks, finance companies, pension funds, and numerous others. Is it the responsibility of the central banks and other government agencies to rescue such institutions that assume unwarranted aggressive risks; or, should such institutions be allowed to fail as a lesson for the market discipline? Individual and institutional investors that have vested interests would discipline such fail-prone institutions. That is exactly what happened during the Fall of 1998, when several banks and brokerage houses combined their resources to takeover the management of the failing hedge-fund unit. None of the sacred principles, market efficiency and moral hazards, was compromised; there was no government intervention. Since then, the poorly managed hedge-funds have folded, while well-managed ones have flourished.

Financial crises across the globe have significantly contributed to the current level of market volatility. It appears that fluctuations in major indices by appreciable amounts are becoming a norm. Stock indices hover around a very high value, and they appear to be in deviation from their optimal values. The euro’s role as the alternative international medium of exchange may cause an index-deflation. A fixed exchange rate among the major currencies (dollar, euro, and yen) would further add to the instability, even though the experts from Japan and euro-land may tend to disagree. Higher economic growth in the U.S. has generated higher demand for imports, while recessionary trends in Asian and Latin American countries have decreased the demand for U.S. goods; consequently, the U.S. trade deficit was a record high of $168.6 billion during 1998. Despite the unfavorable trade imbalance, the dollar continues to exhibit a strength in the world currency markets.

"Critical Realism and Institutional Economics"

The decline of the Positivist conception of science which undergirded the neoclassical view of economics, has prompted a critical discourse among economists about various components of production of scientific knowledge in economics. The objective of this presentation, upon a review of the basic theoretical tenets of Institutional economics, is to suggest that the recasting and sharpening of the latter's theoretical assumptions in terms of the newly developed critical realist philosophy may entail an Institutionalist research program that is theoretically more sophisticated, methodologically more valid, and socially more practical and relevant.

"Science and Technology Policy in Nebraska: Public, Private, and Partnered Initiatives"

Technology is understood as combinations of tools, skills and knowledge. Karl Polanyi and Clarence Ayres have each discussed the primacy of technology as an agent of social change. Jacques Ellul posits a pessimistic view with regard to possible social control of technology. An increasing emphasis, Ellul claims, on a narrow conception of efficiency leads to a self-directing technical movement. John Dewey did not share Ellul's pessimism. Social control was possible through collective action in a democratic process. This paper examines state-level science and technology (S&T) policy initiatives. A social fabric matrix is developed to examine S&T policies implemented by the state, by private sector interest groups, and by public/private partnerships in the State of Nebraska. Specific issues considered include: an assessment of the corporate control of university research; a criteria-consequence analysis for the policies' conformity to dominant social beliefs; and an assessment of the degree of holism used in policy formation.

"Competing for a Share of the Surplus: A New Needs-Based Approach to the Problem of Distribution"

This paper will utilize a new needs-based approach to understanding and resolving the problems of distribution in liberal, democratic, capitalist systems. It will develop and utilize a theory of human nature that defines human nature as fundamentally social, but with a capacity for emergent individuality which frames the problem of distributive justice. Specification of a needs dichotomy which arises from this problematic provides the basis for examination and evaluation of the general dynamics and specific mechanisms of distributive justice. Policy implications are considered.

"CEO Profits: Berle and Means Revisited"

The basic focus of the paper is toward demonstrating that corporate policy today is not directed by forces primarily endogenous or autonomous to the corporation. Corporate policies now being pursued related to the "low road" of cost cutting have increasingly become relegated to forces external in origin. Corporate CEO policy is increasingly being governed by Wall Street domination. This runs counter to the Berle and Means thesis which argued that professional managers were in charge. In the Berle and Means analytical purview, policy was essentially based upon autonomous concerns internal to the corporate structure. To support the position of Wall Street domination reference will be made to the dynamics of corporate culture and to a vicious circle of CEO profits. It will be argued that the underlying problem today resides in the historic institutionalization of profits without social responsibility.

"Cooperatives and the Asset Poor: Policy Implications of an Integrative Asset-Building Strategy for Welfare Recipients"

Traditional public policies aimed at poverty reduction have sought to expend resources on the poor, rather than invest in the economies of their communities. However, recent community-based organizers have determined that poverty is intimately connected to individuals and communities' inability to "build, manage, and retain assets for their own benefit" and have mounted a challenge to traditional welfare programs. This challenge resulted in an asset building component of an otherwise dismal welfare reform effort. It provides for matched asset accumulation for the poor through Individual Development Accounts (IDAs). These IDAs, which can be created at various levels of government, are designed to establish savings for the poor, primarily for purposes of home ownership, education, and business ownership. This paper discusses policy implications of using cooperative enterprises as an asset building strategy for welfare recipients.

"Microenterprise in Rural America"

In the last decade there have been major changes in the welfare system from its original form. With the diminution of public assistance grants and the growing number of needy, policymakers realize a need for a new and innovative approach to assistance. Following the lead of many in the developing world namely, the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, the U.S. decided to implement microcredit programs targeted at the impoverished. There was a study performed in 1988 known as the Self-Employment Investment Demonstration (SEID) which found that microcredit was only beneficial for a small segment of the USDA population. The focus of microenterprise development has shifted in recent years from that of poverty reduction to a community development approach. This can be seen most obviously in rural areas which have been distressed. Various states have implemented such programs, examples include: Nebraska, Iowa and Kansas.

"Employment Security and Job Opportunity: Changing Policies within American Firms"

This paper will investigate personnel practices of firms that affect workers' long-term job security and opportunities for advancement. One of the most remarkable trends of the past 20 years has been the decline of job security in the United States. The decline of "blue collar jobs" paying "middle class wages" has contributed to several disturbing economic trends including: 1) the collapse of wages for workers with less than a college degree; 2) a persistent core of poverty in metropolitan areas primarily affecting minorities; and 3) an income distribution in the U.S. that is more unequal than in any other industrialized country. The conventional wisdom is that the decline in job security is driven by the "new global marketplace." However, recent studies suggest that there is a wide variation in employer response to competitive market pressures.

"Institutions, Evolution and Competitive Forces"

In "Persistent Inequalities," Howard Botwinick argues that neoclassical and institutional economists have assumed that persistent wage disparity among workers of equal skill and ability only exists because of lack of competition. Ultimately, Botwinick argued that minimizing the importance of competitive forces made it impossible for institutionalists to develop a coherent alternative theory of labor markets. In this paper we will examine Botwinick's summary and critique of institutionalist theories of how labor markets work. We will argue that Botwinick's summary of institutionalist's theories fails to comprehend the dynamic and evolutionary nature of institutions, markets and market forces critical to institutional theories. Demonstrating that institutionalists have incorporated market forces, namely competition, into their theories reaffirms the institutionalist model as a viable alternative to orthodox theory.

"What Happened To The Nation-Building State in New Zealand?"

A new phase in the nation-building state in New Zealand arose in the 1930s, although there were earlier precedents in the nineteenth century, and stirrings in the 1920s. It involved both unique features to New Zealand, but was also part of a world wide - especially post-colonial - trend. This paper traces the development of nation-building (with particular emphasis on macro-economic policy and industrialization) after the 1930s through to the early 1980s. After which the phenomenon almost entirely disappeared from most of public policy, to be replaced by an atavistic colonialism. Why did his happen? The contrast with the Australian experience is especially revealing.

"A Theory of Cooperative Economic Policy: An Interactive, and Lean, Policy Approach"

On the background of an interdependent, interactive, and dilemma-prone conception of the economy, economic problems are interpreted as "blockades" of interactions among agents, due to underlying collective-good structures and the uncertainty involved. In contrast to the conventional market failure argument, however, we will refer to the evolutionary argument that in an evolutionary process with social learning blockades can be overcome. The "collective good" then turns into a "private good", basically provided through a decentralized system. Theory, as well as experiments and simulations have shown, however, that this result is highly uncertain, fragile and time-consuming. Public policies have to be employed, therefore, in order to make the aspired process and its results feasible. So we enter Meritorics and embed the decentralized mechanism into broader socio-political mechanisms which define social goals, equivalent to meritorized private goods, also in terms of the certainty and the time span of their provision. This results in a cooperative policy approach which is economical, even in fiscal terms, since the public agents can utilize the benefits of the private agents involved in the social solution attained.

"The Federal Funds Market: An Analysis Using the Social Fabric Matrix"

The federal funds market is a key money market for several reasons. Textbook analysis assumes that the Fed's control over the quantity of reserves leads to control over the money supply through the money multiplier. Post Keynesians challenge this view, claiming that the Fed sets the price of short term credit, the federal funds rate, and that reserves and the money supply are not within the Fed's direct exogenous control. This paper utilizes the social fabric matrix to articulate and understand this market that is at the core of the financial system. The evolution of laws and regulations, the various institutions, the attitudes, and the technologies that make up the system are explained and their deliveries within the system are detailed.

"Postmodernism and Theories of Value: New Grounds for Institutionalist/Marxist Dialogue"

This paper highlights affinities between recent institutionalist and Marxist writings on value theory. These works are shown to share similar aversions to the reductionism of traditional value theories (classical, neoclassical, and Marxian). Further commonalities are found in their respective attempts to (1) rethink markets as socially embedded; (2) rethink the domain of value theory as "more than markets"; and (3) decenter value theory from its modern role as core and foundation of scientific-economic discourse. One barrier to these conversations is the enduring paradigmism of many institutionalist and Marxist theorists, displayed in their repeated efforts to formulate the institutionalist or Marxian approach to value theory. Postmodernism is suggested as an antidote to this tendency, providing a philosophical setting in which institutionalist/Marxist commonalities can usefully be explored, unconstrained by the modern desire for a single, unified approach to social valuation.

"Institutional Constraints in Replicating Microcredit Programs"

Small uncollaterized loans made available to women through peer-lending networks hold the promise of empowering not only women in developing countries, but also low income women in the developed world to lift themselves and their families out of poverty. Various 'microcredit' networks, most modeled after the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh have been developed in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. More than eight million poor people worldwide have used unsecured micro loans averaging $75 to start businesses. However, an important assumption in the microcredit model is that it is the lack of capital, not survival or entrepreneurial skills, that is the major constraint in alleviating poverty. Because of significantly different institutional and cultural patterns, we find modifications to the original Grameen model of microcredit are necessary in attempts to replicate microcredit programs in the developed world.

"Building Competitive Institutions in the Telephone Industry"

A theme of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 was making telecommunications markets competitive. One means for achieving this goal was giving powers to state public service commissions. These powers, however, are not the traditional rate-of-return regulation prevalent during much of the 20th century. Instead, the commissions are charged with creating conditions facilitating market entry in natural monopolies. This paper assesses what institutional thought can contribute to this process.

"Illegal Drug Use: Predictions from the Dismal Science"

The use of illegal drugs and the consequences of enforcing prohibition laws affect many facets of society. Marijuana may be the number one cash crop in California, Hawaii, and Kentucky. Society increasingly imprisons its disenfranchised members for selling drugs, the most rewarding market activity for their job skills. United States "certification" policy continually strains international relations with many of our neighbors to the South. Despite the millions of dollars spent on law enforcement recent polls show drug use rising among the nation's youth. In addition to the costs of law enforcement the federal government and many states fund multi media public awareness campaigns. What lessons does history hold for the future of these costly yet potentially very lucrative markets? This paper examines the changes in social and economic attitudes toward gambling and sex industries as a guide to what might become of the "narco-entertainment" industry.

"The National Environmental Protection Act in the Real World: Implementation by State Governments"

The court decision and legal literature regarding the National Environmental Protection Act, as it has been implemented and used by state governments, has a two-fold surface appearance. First, is the appearance of confusion, in that it is stated that cost-benefit analysis is required, yet, it is stated that other alternative analyses are acceptable; alternatives such as risk assessment, cost-effectiveness, network analysis, or simple lists of impacts. Second, is the appearance that the courts will allow any excuse for analysis that was worked upon in a diligent manner. Criteria are lacking to determine what is, and is not, legitimate analysis. A historical account of legal decisions will be presented to provide evidence and explanation for these appearances. The remainder of the paper will be devoted to an interpretation of why courts and state government decision makers have provided such an inconsistent patchwork of analysis regarding environmental impact analysis. The thesis that will be explained is that the theoretical divisions within economics and between economics and the ecological sciences makes it impossible for the courts and decision makers to select a set of theories, and consequent criteria, upon which they can establish a consistent set of criteria and decisions.

"The Philosophical Foundations of Institutional Thought"

The fundamental preconceptions of this essay hold that any school of economic thought must be based on its own unique philosophical foundations and that these philosophical foundations imply the essential features of that school of economic thought. It will be argued that institutional economics is based on five philosophical foundations. The first philosophical foundation of institutional economics consists of empiricism, induction, and the historical methodology. The concepts of dynamic change and cultural evolution comprise the second philosophical foundation. The third foundation is the principle of organic unity. The fourth foundation is behavioral psychology. The fifth philosophical foundation of institutional economics consists of pragmatism and instrumentalism.

"The Infant Industry Argument for Trade Protection: A Critical Reevaluation from a Development Perspective"

The infant-industry argument used to be frequently invoked to rationalize protectionist policies to promote Third World development. However, forceful neoclassical critiques of it have triggered widespread retreats from predominantly import substitution to different degrees of export promotion among many developing countries. This paper retraces the historical evolution of the infant-industry argument from its infancy in classical economics to the 'mature' formulation through successive 'refinements' in the hands of the neoclassical economists. It notes that during that evolution trade analysis itself has been stripped of its classical growth and development flavor, and has become ossified into a neoclassical story of static allocation of given world resources. The paper thus contends that while the neoclassical critique is consistent with the analytical framework from which it emerges, it is of dubious relevance to furthering the understanding of the process of development. Approaches to reformulate the case for protection are then considered.

"Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc: Labor Markets and the Commidification of Labor"

Recently, James Galbraith has referred to "markets" as a "dangerous metaphor" that seriously misleads those seeking to understand the nature of labor processes and outcomes. His is the latest in a long stream of institutionalist critiques of mainstream views of labor and labor markets, to which I also hope to add. In this essay, I will amplify Galbraith's concerns by considering the processes of standardization and quantification normally required to achieve orderly outcomes in the markets for most goods. The analysis will draw on arguments from anthropology, the social history of measurement, Mirowski's views of market arbitrage processes, and labor history to show that labor cannot be quantified in the same manner as other goods. Although labor outcomes can be understood in the context of historical struggle over the social standardization of labor, and both employers and workers sometimes have interests in achieving standardization, the process is historically unstable and never sufficient for the application of market metaphors to labor processes.

Cultural relativism, a controversial concept in the social sciences and a bludgeoning tool of cultural conservatives, is now a fought-over concept in the arena of international economic policy. Illustration: the ethical legitimacy of legislation requiring that imports not be made by children illustrates the dilemma. By what right does one country impose its standards of decency upon another? For Institutionalists the concept of cultural relativism is central to an ongoing debate. If, as Institutionalists since Veblen have argued, institutions (including values) are time and place specific, then how can Institutionalists justify the policy activism also characteristic of the tradition? I will review and categorize the efforts of the past 100 years to resolve this debate, relate these efforts to those of other disciplines, and finally propose a solution that is consistent with Institutionalist thought and the need to deal with diverse international standards of equity and justice.

"Gordon Coates and the Nation-Building State: 1920-1935"

The major periods of nation-building activity in New Zealand are often ascribed to the eras of Liberal government (1890-1911) and the first Labour government (1935-49). During the period between 1920-1935, however, Gordon Coates as Cabinet Minister and Prime Minister (1925-28) provided a major impetus to transform New Zealand from a colony to a nation. Drawing together a cadre of policy advisors, Coates developed policies that fostered the nation's infrastructure in electricity, transportation, telecommunications, research and development, town planning, and social services. In the external sector, Coates promoted agricultural producer boards, the expansion of forestry, tariff reform, and trade agreements to improve access to overseas institutions including the central bank. In many ways, Coates laid the groundwork for the more extensive nation-building activities of the first Labour Government. Many of his policy initiatives remain the bedrock of the nation's infrastructure at the close of the twentieth century despite more recent changes in regulatory and ownership structure.

"Serving The Underserved? Subprime Leaders and The Home Mortgage Market"

Subprime mortgage lending involves the extension of higher interest rate mortgage credit to persons typically having blemished credit histories and higher debt-to-income ratios than traditional (conventional, FHA, or VA) borrowers. Over the last several years the number and dollar amount of loans made by subprime lenders has been growing rapidly. In the U.S. the volume of lending has increased roughly $100 billion in 1993 to $600 billion in 1997. In the state of Indiana subprime lending has increased from 620 applications in 1992 to 11,248 applications by 1996. Of more concern is that a disproportionate share of these loans are made to underserved markets (i.e., low income and minority persons and within low income and minority areas). In this paper we describe the growing importance of subprime lenders in the U.S., Indiana, and St. Joseph County Indiana and analyze its effects on underserved markets.

"Immigration, Labor Market Mobility, and the Earnings of Native-born Workers: A Segmented Labor Markets Approach"

Immigration flows in the last two decades have reached historic levels, but, in general, studies have found only small effects on native labor market outcomes. The hypothesis of this paper, however, is that previous studies have underestimated the negative effects of immigration on some workers (those in direct competition with immigrants) while also underestimating positive effects on other workers (those that benefit from the demand or scale effects of immigration). This paper seeks to improve on previous estimates of the impact of immigration on native wages and employment by using a segmented labor markets approach that directly controls for regional migration and other shifts in native-born labor supply. The labor market is segmented by occupation in order to determine which, if any, native workers tend to be vulnerable to increased immigrant competition for jobs.

"Transaction Costs Theory: An Original Institutionalist Overview"

The paper presents some criticism from Original Institutionalist Economics (OIE) to Transaction Costs Theory (TCT), emphasizing potential complementarities that would improve an institutionalized agenda on the theory of the firm. First, OIE sees TCT's concept of transaction as misleading. Commons defined transaction as the transfer of property rights in three levels (rationing, managerial and bargaining). TCT's concept reduces competition's purpose to efficiency, ignoring broader strategies. TCT ignores economic power, acquired from different social sources. Artificial or Lamarckian features must be considered, instead of natural ("efficient") selection, accepting power as a selection force. TCT's methodological individualism obstructs feed-backs from institutions to individuals, preventing dynamic analysis. Opportunism is individual's main feature, leaving much others unconsidered. Bounded rationality and uncertainty are inconsistent with optimizing calculus, what is relevant to problems of choices between institutional arrangements. Some authors suggest splitting the core of some assumptions. Others emphasize ambiguities, doubting that a pluralistic treatment would easily develop.

"Markets Competing for History: The Impacts of Four Native American Markets on Economic Growth"

This presentation tries to provide a basis from which economic history can better represent diversity in the economy by looking at four markets which are conspicuously left out of economic history texts. A survey of university level economic history texts reveals a pattern by which events and phenomena are selected for inclusion or exclusion. Following this criteria, four Native American markets--the fur trade, cotton production, production of buffalo hides, and mineral extraction markets, spanned a significant period of time and all played an important role in the development of the U.S. economy and should not be excluded from standard treatments of economic history. The possibility of overcoming this shortfall by use of an institutionalist approach which incorporates economic, political, and cultural objectives into an analysis of past economic history helps to elucidate how events have been left out and how economic historians can work them back in.

"Optimal Redistribution with Unobservable Preferences for an Observable Merit Good"

This paper considers a government that seeks both to redistribute income and to promote a certain level of consumption of a good. This good is assumed to be either a merit or demerit good. Individuals differ in their exogenous income and in their preferences for the merit good, whose level of consumption the government can perfectly observe. However, the government cannot observe either income nor preferences. The only observable variable is thus each individual's consumption of the merit good. We consider a paternalistic modification of the utilitarian social welfare function in which the government imposes its own and uniform preferences across all individuals for the purpose of social evaluation. The level of preferences chosen will depend on the merit or demerit nature of the observable good. We derive the optimal nonlinear redistributive policy and compare our results to the ones that would be obtained under a utilitarian social welfare function that respects the own preferences of individuals.

"Progressive Government and Economic Performance: A Comparative Study of California and Wisconsin"

This paper examines the differences between government policies that promote a free market economy with those that promote economic and social well-being for all residents. The assumption put forth is that states that concern themselves with improving the economic condition of all population groups will possess less signs of social and economic instability, which in turn should result in better economic performance. Wisconsin is offered to test this case. California, on the other hand, is offered as an example of a state government who encourages free market activities, and attempts to limit the size of government involvement. A presentation of the historical development of the two government styles is first offered, followed by a comparison of various economic and social indicators for each state for the last 25 years. Last, empirical testing of the relationship between government spending and both economic and social growth is conducted.

"Is Institutional Economics Pragmaticistic?"

There is a debate amongst institutional economists over the philosophical pedigree of institutional economics. While there is broad agreement that institutional economics is indebted to Pragmatism, there is serious disagreement about what this indebtedness entails. Many of these debates take the form of providing justification for the claim that one influential pragmatist or another was the true founder of the methods and foundational philosophical principles of institutional economics. Such approaches to the philosophical history and underpinnings of institutional economics are flawed primarily in two ways. First, they presuppose that there is some set of features, methodological or teleological, that are shared by all accounts of institutional economics. Second, they assume that the philosophical methods appealed to and created by the pragmatists easily lend themselves to application in economics. This paper argues that both these claims are false, providing an analysis of the philosophical differences between Peirce and Commons as well as those between Dewey and Veblen.

"How is Welfare Reform Working?"

In 1996 the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) became law, replacing Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and the 61 year federal entitlement to welfare with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Since individual states, and often counties within states, have been given much discretion in developing policies and programs, it has become more difficult to keep track of welfare policy developments. This paper aims to survey the trends in welfare policy in the wake of welfare reform. Thus, this paper will look at some of the results of the PRWORA. This will include three main components: a brief look at the trends in the numbers of families receiving TANF and levels of payments; an assessment of how time limits are being implemented; and a more in-depth examination of the types of work programs and support services that have been developed. This, in turn, will focus on the range of community work experience and training programs, including the extent to which secondary education is being allowed as a work activity.

"Culture, Technological Learning and Economic Relations: The Evolution of Relations Between the Maori of New Zealand and Captain Cook During His First Voyage"

The paper will focus on the relations between the Maori and Captain Cook during his first voyage to New Zealand. The initial relations were confrontational, and the Maori were disinterested in the trade goods brought by Captain Cook to establish relations. Just prior to completing the circumnavigation of the North Island, Cook's flagship was pursued by Maori seeking to trade with the Europeans for iron. The paper examines the context and transformation of relations during the first voyage. The Maori treated Captain Cook by Maori rules. The initial relations were based on Captain Cook having no alliances, and no commodities valued by the Maori. Relations changed when the value of iron was discerned. The new relations, from the perspective of the Maori, were conducted according to Maori rules. From the perspective of the Europeans, the relations were conducted by European rules. Finally, an intriguing element of the evolution is the discernment of the value of iron, and its communication among the Maori. The Maori discerned the tool value of iron, and communicated that value, in a two month time span.

"A New Strategy for Institutional Change"

During most of the 20th century the Left around the world has focused on socialism as a goal--whether democratic centrally planned socialism or democratic market socialism. Only after socialism would society consider a utopia of free goods and services according to need. But there have been changes in both technology and ideology, making socialism more difficult to achieve, but perhaps making utopia easier! My proposal is to focus on free goods and services for all. We would clearly begin the campaign with free health care and free education at all levels, then consider the next steps, such as free basic foods for all--a set of revolutionary institutional reforms.

"Historical Institutions and Contemporary Problems in Transition Economies: Understanding the "Blood Revenge" Institution"

The blood revenge institution was created in the patrimonial society when a simple economy, communal interests, common property and mutual responsibility prevailed. Liability was limited to narrow frameworks of shared interests within which the knowledge of individuals' motives was required. Confidence in this knowledge built up this institution. Blood revenge is a social action which alternates between subject and object and legally functions as duty payment. The form this takes depends on the perceptions and experiences of persons who must fulfill that obligation. Having the same root as the cult of common ancestors and hearth, blood revenge shows that legal aspects of human conduct are expressed in obligations to the souls of ancestors and relatives. Outside of the patrimonial society, the blood revenge institution can exist through the practice of artificial cognition, as well as by political interests of the state.

"The Role of Economics in U.S. Federal Indian Policy"

This paper looks at the cyclical phases of principal U.S. federal Indian policy and analyzes the influence of non-Indian economic wants. The following phases will be discussed in some detail: The origins of national policy (1760-1788) and the eras of coexistence (1789-1828), removal (1829-1886), assimilation (1887-1932), reorganization (1933-1945), termination (1946-1960), and self-determination (1961-present). It is argued that non-Indian economic wants and desire for Indian resources exert a disproportional influence over Indian policy. The principles espoused in the era of self-determination indicate a fundamental shift in policy. Efforts to reconcile economics with these principles hold promise for federal Indian policies that lead to improved reservation economies and thriving Indian cultures. However, the question remains if the dominant culture is willing to bear the costs of adherence to the goals of self-determination when confronted with adverse economic conditions.

"Public Policy Toward Labor in a Global Economic Environment"

The purpose of this paper is to introduce an instrumental/ceremonial theory of social and economic class and use it to examine policies toward labor in the global economy. It will include articulation of both an instrumental and ceremonial basis for differentiation among the working class of industrial society, as well as from the ownership, or capitalist, class. The tenacity with which we almost unconsciously hold to the ceremonial logic which validates the invidious distinctions between symbolic and material work can be seen in the ambiguity which characterizes social status. In contrast to the neoclassical equilibrium model of an homogenous aggregate labor market, the heterogeneity of the aggregate labor market implied by institutional class theory suggests a model whose primary salient feature is significant disequilibrium. Such adjustment processes as do operate across these markets are likely to require rather lengthy time periods to manifest themselves. This suggests significant problems of labor (and other) resource allocation. Given the existing state of research in this area, however, the actual current or historical dynamic supply and demand conditions in these markets are not well known. All of these concerns are magnified in the context of globalization of labor markets and policies.

"A Proposed Methodological Synthesis of Post Keynesian and Institutional Economics"

Numerous writers from both the Post Keynesian and Institutionalist traditions have written on the commonality of fundamental principles between the two schools. In spite of these commonalties each tradition has developed substantially different methods of analysis. Institutionalist methods have generally yielded "plausible" explanations, but without the rigor and consistency needed if they are to be used as a basis for economic policy. Post Keynesian methods have policy necessary rigor, but the similarity to neo-classical methods has exposed Post Keynesian analysis to unwarranted synthesis with incompatible traditions, due to a lack of explicit acknowledgement of it philosophical foundations. This paper proposes a synthesis of Post Keynesian and Institutionalist methodology, one of "plausible rigor", based on a further development of the "Institutional Dynamics" approach proposed by Michael Radzicki and others, which has the potential of overcoming the weaknesses of both schools.

"Material Interests, Social Valuation and the State"

In this article I explore the relationship between the process of social valuation, the material conditions of life, in particular the distribution of economic power, and the state. I am particularly interested in the role of ideology as part of the ongoing process of social construction, and its relation to political economic power and state outcomes. This exploration will be carried out along three dimensions. First, it will examine the contributions that Institutionalists and Marxists have made toward understanding the process. Secondly, I will delve into the pragmatic and post-modern literature to highlight the implications of these intellectual currents for an understanding of the relationship between social valuation, material interests and the role of the state. Finally, I will touch upon the role of economics as an institution that mediates the relationship between social valuation, economic power and the state.

"Underconsumption and Institutional Rigidity: An Alternative Explanation of the Asian Crisis"

Most analyses of the Asian crisis attribute the cause to so-called crony capitalism, loose banking, capital flight, and so on. Efforts to bail out various economies may be a short term fix; for they ignore the problem that capacity output has outstripped global demand. Increasing exports to stimulate domestic demand is more difficult. The increases in American consumer spending largely financed by increases in debt are unlikely to continue. Institutional constraints prevent the peoples of Asia to spend a sufficient amount of their income to purchase the goods and services that they produce. The reasons are partly cultural. These peoples have a predisposition to save, which is characteristic of an economy that emphasizes production; they lack the income and credit to purchase the goods and services that they currently produce; and the goods they produce are tailored for export markets, not domestic markets.

"Dewey and Discourse: Implications for Institutionalism and Postmodernism"

In the discussions of language, discourse and hermeneutics associated with Postmodernism, John Dewey is ignored, distorted or dismissed. Richard Rorty renders Dewey as a Postmodernist but only by discarding what is unique and most valuable in Dewey's philosophy. For Dewey science is an exemplar for the rest of culture but for Rorty, with other Postmodernists, science along with professional philosophy is something needing debunking. In practical terms, Postmodernism legitimizes dogmatism in social sciences and humanities, using Kuhn's doctrine of radical incommensurability as justification. In economics, D.N. McCloskey's mirrors Rorty to re-immunize neoclassical economics from empirical criticism. Rorty, McCloskey and Postmodernists generally attempt, despite their frequent references to contingency, to sever discourse from context. They ignore Dewey's point, "A universe of experience is the precondition for a universe of discourse." It is argued that, unlike Postmodernism, Dewey's antifoundationalism is consistent with recent analyses of science.

"The Quagmire Revisited: The U.S. War on Drugs as an Exemplar of Public (Non)Policy"

"Public policy" suggests a plan of action in which public debate over means and objectives precedes enactment of legislative programs. Unfortunately the War on Drugs is suggestive of future directions in other public policies: absolutist agendas lead to utopian goals pursued with ill-conceived means that go unexamined when cumulative causation gives the failed policies a life of their own. The War on Drugs makes the problems it is supposed to solve worse but a process involving political posturing and "hot buttons," exploitative treatment in the news and entertainment media, administrative inertia of enforcement agencies, commercial interest (pharmaceutical firms, e.g.) and the systemic features of black market activity interact to use failure as a rationale for more of the same. Something analogous seems to be happening in the areas of welfare, education and health policy.

"Shareholder Pressure, Employee Attachment, and Non-Standard Labor"

This paper explores the argument that shareholder pressure to maximize share price and dividends may lead firms to cut labor costs in part by decreasing the attachment of standard employees and through the increased use of certain categories of non-standard workers. Using Osterman's 1992 Organization of Work in American Business Survey to test several hypotheses, evidence is presented that establishments not under pressure to maximize short run returns are associated with having policies indicating employee attachment and use of non-standard workers that are directly hired by the establishment. Conversely, establishments under pressure are associated with the lack of practices associated with decreased turnover and attachment and tend to use intermediated non-standard workers such as agency temps and contract workers.

"Certainty about Uncertainty"

Uncertainty has a central place in heterodox economics. Post-Keyesians have a well-developed theory of uncertainty, however, a vexing question can be posed to the Post-Keyesians: How can you be certain about uncertainty? This question leads to an analysis of the logic of time, and how we can really know anything. Using the Institutionalist analytical dichotomy, I will argue that time is an institution, and notions of time can evolve when the requirements for the Theory of Institutional adjustment have been met. An important part of the institution of time is that the future is not perfectly knowable. Depending on what evolutionary tool process is being used, this may or may not be problematic, or it may be problematic in different ways. Tribesman in Oceania may have different responses to this uncertainty about the future than do investors on Wall Street. My paper will then apply the Institutionalist analytical dichotomy to the axiom of uncertainty as expressed by the Post-Keynesians, and determine whether this axiom exhibits stronger instrumental or ceremonial tendencies, and what the ramifications are for contextual economic analysis.

The Character of Economic Science: A Habermasian Perspective"

A guiding aim of Juergen Habermas' work has been to reformulate social theory so as to reunite theory and practice in a manner that captures the complexities of the late twentieth century. Although he has made little more than passing comments on the nature of economic science, much of his work has focused on the question of what the full potential of social theory might be. This paper will investigate the relevance of his work for the question of what might constitute the promise of an appropriately formulated science of economics. Although schooled in the Marxian intellectual tradition, Habermas has drawn upon practically every important social thinker of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including those such as Peirce and Dewey who are frequently cited as intellectual forerunners of American Institutionalism. This paper will explore the potential relevance of Habermas' work for Institutionalist theory.

"The Dynamics of Institutional Change: Two Case Studies"

Our economy is undergoing ongoing major institutional changes affecting major institutions such as health care delivery, the structure of retirement, the corporate work place, higher education, etc. After a description of the dialectical nature of institutional change in our economy and the interactive relation between economic agency and institutional change, this paper focuses on two major areas of concern: first major institutional change taking place in the corporate work place, and, second, equally sweeping developments in Higher Education. First, it analyzes significant workforce implications of the widespread corporate downsizing of the 90's, concomitant changes in the nature and scope of so called "part-time" work, the digital revolution, etc. It next explores the implications for higher education of recent developments such as changes in the composition of faculties, post tenure review, distance learning, etc. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these institutional changes for institutional analysis and emergent public policy.

"A Pragmatic Policy Approach to Immigration"

This paper examines the problems associated with immigration and proposes a workable policy framework. A brief history of immigration constructs the context for policy analysis. The past waves of immigration are compared to the present influx of immigrants. Immigrants are pulled into the country by the draw of higher wages and more economic opportunity. They are also being pushed by a multitude of problems in their countries. The world population surge is putting pressure on the capacities of less developed countries to provide sufficient jobs for their citizens. In addition, global industrial restructuring continues to create global disturbances affecting both the native workforce and the global workforce. A coherent and practical policy approach to controlling immigration is necessary for a nation to maintain its sovereignty and make its domestic policies on education, welfare, social security, environment, and employment viable and fair. An attempt is made to sketch the features of such a policy.

"A Dangerous State of Affairs: The Effects of Value Orientation on Hazardous Waste Disposal in America"

Societal attitudes toward wastes and the methods we choose to dispose of them are affected by cultural, economic, and technical factors. Included in the category of cultural influences on societal attitudes is the idea of value orientation. Value orientation can be used to examine a link between social change and political change. On the other side, value orientations are directly affected when changes in the economic and social environment exert their influence on people’s attitudes. At the same time, the lens of value orientation can be used to provide a better explanation for political change. This paper focuses on the postmaterialist hypothesis of value orientation proposed by Ronald Inglehart. Given particular attention is Inglehart’s warning of the dangers associated with the inherent slowness of an intergenerational shift of value orientation in Western societies, such as the United States. The history of hazardous waste disposal in America since increased industrial expansion is offered as an example of the realization of this threat.

This paper analysis the perspectives of major stakeholders involved in six hazardous waste controversies in Oklahoma. "Q" and "R" methodologies are used to explore attitudinal patterns among the antagonists and a strategy is outlined for building trust among them.

Ten thousand years of storage is proposed for the handling of highly-radioactive wastes by DOE. Technology, now being developed, has demonstrated that radioactive wastes, including spent fuel pellets, can be stabilized by the use of a new technology: High-Density charge Clusters. These clusters of billions of dynamic electrons (toroidal form) can pick up protonsor other positive ions, accelerate the combination to nuclear-reaction velocities using electric potentials less than 10,000 volts and create beneficial nuclear reactions. The impact of this technology on environmental policy should lead to on-site stabilization of radioactive wastes. The same technology adapted tot he generation of thermal and electric power is expected to replace the burning of fossil fuels with clean, abundant, inexpensive energy. Some of the expected beneficial impacts on society and the environment are presented.

A case study of the siting of hazardous waste disposal facilities in Tarrant County, Texas, designed to answer the following question. Is the siting of hazardous waste disposal facilities in the county correlated with the race, color, ethnicity or income of residents living in close proximity to these facilities? A statistical analysis of metropolitan Texas (Social Science Quarterly, 77:477-492) showed a historical pattern of racial and income bias in the siting of hazardous waste facilities. Likewise, a study of the demographics of hazardous waste disposal in Los Angeles County, California (Social Science Quarterly, 78:794-810) showed that black working class families were most likely to be adversely affected by hazardous waste siting decisions in that county. Our study will show whether these findings also apply to a metropolitan county in Texas.

"Land Acquisition under Preservation 2000: The Last Gasp for Environmentalism in Florida?"

The state of Florida has been active in land acquisition of environmentally sensitive areas since the 1970s. In 1990, Florida expanded its land acquisition programs with legislation entitled Preservation 2000. This program, which originally enjoyed widespread support, has recently encountered increasing opposition from developers, farmers and proponents of "wise-use" management. This paper examines the political history of land acquisition in Florida and the current state of interest group politics surrounding land acquisition.

"Explaining Private Land Use Decisions and Outcomes in a Midwest County: A Micro-Level Approach"

Land cover patterns have important environmental and social consequences. Across the U.S., concern has been expressed over forest fragmentation and loss of open space and agricultural land, much of it converted to housing, industry, and other development uses. With a majority of U.S. land in private hands, understanding land use patterns requires learning about the individuals who are the primary owners and how they make decisions. Land use research spans multiple social science disciplines, but past efforts have emphasized macro-level phenomena (e.g., state-level government programs, urban-suburban population densities, or watershed land classifications) or a narrow set of variables posited to affect land use (such as zoning, presence of roads, taxation schemes, or family traditions). This paper describes an in-depth study of 250 parcels in one Indiana County. Interviews with parcel owners provide rich detail about the relative importance of factors affecting land use and resulting land cover outcomes.

This paper differentiates stakeholder-drive and community-based natural resource partnerships by arguing that they have different group characteristics and fit differently into their larger political context. Stakeholder-driven collaboration is an interest-based form, which brings together people identified with particular interests to negotiate with others with whom they conflict. Participants represent constituents who appoint them and must negotiate on their behalf. Stakeholder groups tent to clearly identify who may participate and develop formal processes such as structured meetings and written communication. Community-based collaborations tend to have a broader and more informal understanding of membership, form, and function. Participants do not represent others or wear a particular "hat" at the table. Instead, participants are grounded in the networks and issues of the community. Boundaries between group and community tend to be fluid. This article contracts these two forms theoretically and examines one group’s evolution from a stakeholder to community-based collaboration.

"Science, politics, and the evolution of transnational migratory bird policy regimes."

This paper presents an analysis of the evolution and policy impacts of transnation migratory bird policy regimes. Focusing on species that migrate along the west coast of North America, I examine arrangements such as the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network, the North American Waterfowl Management Plan, and the Pacific Coast Habitat Joint Venture. These case studies provide a basis for an examination of the factors that have promoted increased levels of transnational interaction, and for a consideration of the real and potential impacts of these evolving arrangements on national, state (provincial), and local government decisions affecting migratory bird habitat. The analysis will be framed by Peter Haas’ concept of epistemic communities, and by Robert Koehane et al.’s arguments about the ways in which international environmental institutions contribute to effective transboundary environmental policy-making.

"A Framework For Assessment Of Technology In Education: The Case Of The Global Positioning System"

This paper offers a framework for evaluating the use of global positioning systems (GPS) technology in education. The specific case draws from experiences integrating GPS projects in Archaeology and Geography courses offered at the University of Redlands, enhanced by a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF). The framework includes recommendations from the evaluation procedures recommended by the NSF for its projects.

Texas is one of the five states in the United States in which teen pregnancy rates exceed 70 per 1000 females ages 15-17. A retrospective exploratory study was completed to analyze and compare the unmarried teen birth rates in Dallas and El Paso counties from January 1, 1995 - December 31, 1996. Using data from the 1990 Census on education, socioeconomic status and family composition and Geographical Information Systems, this study examines the spatial distribution of unmarried teen birth rates. The results indicate that socioeconomic status and education are inversely related to unmarried teen births while family composition is positively related.

Under the direction of the Environmental Protection Agency there has developed a market for "Pollution Rights" for emissions of sulfur dioxide from utility companies. Economics have long advocated marketable rights for pollution control. In this study the authors analyze the participation in the market for pollution rights by an arid/non-arid classification. Since the greatest concern of sulfur dioxide emissions is "acid rain" it would seem logical that the arid states would have a much lower participation in the SO² market than the non-arid states. This hypothesis is tested in this study.

Presently, research concerning cities and films has focused mainly on the social forces that are active within cities and how these forces are represented in films. This paper focuses on the aesthetic and psychological factors of a filmic city. Two determining elements, integration and recognition, are used as categorical references to be applied to cities as they appear in motion pictures. A city can be classified in one of four ways: integrated and recognized, disintegrated and recognized, integrated and unrecognized, and disintegrated and unrecognized. Cities that are classified as integrated and recognized also take on other major roles in films, where the city assumes the role of victim or oppressor. By utilizing the process of dividing the films into broad categories, it facilitates the understanding of how artists and their audiences alike see the different faces of today’s city.

Although almost every country has been touched by HIV, the virus spreads very differently in different parts of the world. There are even important differences in patterns of spread in different communities and geographic areas within the same country. Sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated 7.4% of all those aged 15 to 49 infected with HIV by November 1997, is the region with the fastest moving epidemic. West Africa has much lower levels than East and Southern Africa but significant variations exist between and within West African countries. Using the latest HIV-AIDS Surveillance data, this study presents a spatial mosaic of the HIV-AIDS problem in West African countries. It concludes that the spatial pattern mirrors the spatial distribution of vulnerable social groups and recommends intervention programs aimed at enablement and empowerment of vulnerable people.

Previous studies of the shift of agricultural land into nonagricultural uses have focused upon the individuals who produce the change, the buyers and sellers of the property. Attitudes toward agriculture and its impact on the perceived quality-of-life (QOL) in a region have been quantified. Preferences for types of development within a region and preferred agencies for the regulation of development have been identified. In this study the individuals who facilitate the change, the real estate agents and builders, are surveyed to determine the impacts of agriculture and rural, open space in their perceived QOL. Study results are then compared to earlier study results.

"Distance Between Parish of Commitment of Juvenile Crime and Tallulah Correctional Center for Youth: a Study of Spatial Discrimination"

Juvenile Crime has skyrocketed all over the nation, and Louisiana is no exception. Of the 2,076 Louisiana youth, who are currently incarcerated in maximum secure care prisons, 60 or 2.9 percent are serving a sentence for homicide. What is troubling about this statistic, without discounting the pain created for all involved, is these homicides were generally committed by African-American males between 14 and 17 years old. Currently, 1,718 or 82.8 percent of the 2,076 youth assigned to all maximum secure care prisons, as of June 30, 1998, are African-American. In view of the apparent need to intervene in the lives of these youth to help them reverse their destructive thought patterns, this research paper addresses the barrier of distance as a subtle form of discrimination, which serves as an obstacle to family visitation and rehabilitation.

"Historically Disadvantaged Communities in Africa: An Analysis of Barriers and Potential Resources"

Quality of governmental services and regulations is greatly affected by several factors, including infrastructure, available resources, and culture of the country. Administration may aspire to sustained development in countries with a large number of historically disadvantaged communities, but government is hindered from accomplishing goals by constraints on national and/or local levels. Human resources and other types of resources are factors. Agencies must find available resources outside and within each community. Barriers and difficulties in administration of programs are numerous when resources are scarce. The paper will analyze present conditions and examine how best needs can be met with special emphasis on selected countries and communities in Africa.

During the past years, northwest Grayson County, Texas has experienced a significant increase in population, inflated property values, and structural changes in its rural economy. Large scale cattle operations, peanut cultivation, and forage production are being replaced by pure breed cattle and cutting horses raised on small scale, high value "ranches" operated by migrants from the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. Three case studies and an assessment of the role of agricultural tax exemptions, as a major economic factor in their operations, are provided.

Gasoline service stations are ubiquitous on the American landscape. Originally, many of the stations were privately owned and operated, included service bays and offered automotive repair and services. Currently, these full service stations have decreased in the face of competition and the economy of scale offered by franchised, pump-your-own, convenience stores. As a result, a number of older full service stations have closed, but their sites, characterized by accessibility on major thoroughfares and parking space have found a number of new uses. In this Denton County case study, closed service stations are being recycled as dry cleaner stores, hair dressing shops, bars and restaurants. Field research focused on the identification of older service stations, an analysis of locational attributes that might explain any patterns in retail site recycling, and recommendations as to how these high accessibility sites might be used for economic gain.

"Groundwater Degradation from Septic Systems: A Lake Ray Roberts Case Study"

Degradation of ground water quality by failing septic systems is well documented, yet studies investigating the impact of septic systems in high water table regions of rural reservoirs are few. This study focuses on the consequences of rural population increases to surface water quality in areas dependent upon on-site waste treatment. Specifically, the study examines the rate of human development in the watershed and the results of two and six year post-impoundment data of water quality for Lake Ray Roberts, Texas, to identify changes in quality that could be attributable to septic effluent in near water-table areas. Analysis of current water quality, on-site waste treatment, and increasing development, provide insight into future concerns of septic contamination to similar rural reservoirs.

Hernandez-Chavez, Eduardo, University of New Mexico.

"The Resurgence of the Land Grant Movement: The New Mexico Land Grant
Forum."

The land grant movement in New Mexico involves a long and complex history. The latest phase of this movement is described focusing particularly on the social movement organization called the New Mexico
Land Grant Forum. The forms of leadership, democratic practice, political contingencies and issues are analyzed.

Lujan, David; Director, Tonantzin Land Institute

"Las Mercedes del Pueblo: Traditional Self-Governance in the New Mexico
Land Grants."

The concept of sovereignty is becoming increasingly important in indigenous rights movements throughout the world. The theory of soverignty and self determination is considered in relation to the Spanish
and Mexican land grants in New Mexico. The politics associated with a possible sovereignty and self-determination are discussed.

Sanchez, Juan, President, Chili Land Grant.

"La Lucha de la Merced del Pueblo de Chilili: A Historical Account."

The Chilili land grant has managed to maintain its social and political integrity despite continued threats to its viability. The paper discusses the factors which have enabled the Chilili heirs to keep up the struggle
for control over their traditional lands.

"How Voss’s Doubles Convey The Theme In Patrick White’s ‘Voss’ (1957)"

"Une oeuvre ou vit un Double vot ce Double detenir le theme de l’auteur" (J-P Weber, "Genese de d’oeuvre poetique"). Laura and Le Mesurier function as Doubles of Voss in Patrick White’s novel. They exist chiefly to reflect aspects of Voss: as Doubles, they are bearers of the theme. Through them, we can see more clearly than we otherwise would what impulses drove White to write this essentially self-analytical model. Laura, Le Mesurier, and Voss are all characters with a certain idealistic vision, but all are failures. Through the failure that he assigns to all three visionaries, White reveals a lack of conviction in the power of vision to transform Australia. White wrote "Voss" out of his preoccupation with the situation of the creative genius within the desert of the 1950’s Australia and pronounced judgement, with some severity, on his own overreaching ambition.

"The Public Use Of New Zealand History"

The "Progressive" version of the New Zealand past has dominated popular perceptions over the last century. The poet-politician-historian William Pember Reeves is the most obvious source of this sense of who we are, where we have come from, and where we are headed. His general history, The Long White Cloud (1898) saw the colonial past as the prelude to a more perfect future. That set the tone for much of the subsequent historical writing. The Government has now bought into the idea that the past has a use. Heritage New Zealand is a new unit in the Department of Internal Affairs. The rationale is that it will help people to develop a sense of national identity. This paper examines a very different version of the New Zealand past and asks whether the extremism of recent years -- the collapse of the social contract, the attack on the labor movement, the contraction of the public health system, or the burgeoning of the prison population, to cite just a few examples -- is a temporary aberration or the flowering of that darker strain in our Antipodean lives?

"What Happened To The Nation-Building State In New Zealand?"

The foundations of the modern nation-building state in New Zealand were established around the turn of the century and during the interwar period. It was a phenomenon which had both unique features to the country, but was also a world wide - especially post-colonial - trend. This paper traces the development of nation-building (with particular emphasis on economic policy and industrialization) after the 1930s through to the early 1980s. Then the phenomenon almost entirely disappeared from most of public policy, to be replaced by an atavistic colonialism. Why did this happen? The contrast with the Australian experience is especially revealing.

"Markets, Science and Environment: Crop Selectionin the Peace River District of Alberta"

Beginning in 1910, Canadian farmers expanded the area of grain growing north of the fifty-fifth parallel of latitude into the Peace River region of northern Alberta and British Columbia. In this region, isolated from other agricultural districts by the rugged Athabasca River watershed and 1800 miles from the nearest terminal grain market, they attempted to create commercial farm enterprises. Over the course of the next forty years, the farm community in this district experimented with numerous grain crops and modes of livestock production. Eventually a diverse pattern of agriculture emerged in the district with wheat growing dominating in some areas, and oats, timothy, cattle or hogs in still other areas. drawing upon published census returns, informational pamphlets published by the scientific community for farmers, government research and marketing documents, and farm publications, this paper addresses the factors which influenced the farmers’ decision to focus upon one product or another. Above all, it is clear farmers sought increased profitability of their farm enterprise. Within this framework, the choices farmers made in selecting the agricultural produce reflected the combined influence of changing commercial markets and transportation costs, scientific knowledge and experimentation, and the environmental limitations of the region’s soils and climate. All three are essential to any understanding of the process.

As the title of this paper indicates, the leguminous shrub gorse was considered "a good servant" when it was introduced to New Zealand in mid-nineteenth century -- good as forage and, more important, as the living stock for hedge fencing. Gorse hedges are a widely recognized feature of the New Zealand agricultural landscape. Less well-known is the extensive folk culture that developed for the establishment and maintenance of gorse hedges. Although most hedges have been removed in recent years, there remains a remnant of this folk culture of hedges in the form of folk technologies that have mechanized the formerly labor-intensive task of maintenance. Still another important aspect of the history of gorse in New Zealand is the escape of the plant, its proliferation, and measures to combat it as a noxious weed.

"Implementing Treaty Settlements Via Indigenous Institutions Social Justice And The Problem Of Detribalization In New Zealand"

In this study, we examine treaty settlement as a mechanism for providing social justice and incorporating Maori people into mainstream New Zealand society by improving economic and social well-being. To this end, we describe and discuss Articles II and III of the Treaty of Waitangi (respectively, collectively-held private assets and citizenship benefits and privileges), settlement of claims of breached treaty rights, social policy targeted to Maori and changes in economic and social well-being from 1976-1998. The fundamental proposition is that all Maori are harmed by the legacy of dispossession and marginalization and, therefore, all Maori are entitled to social justice. The central question is what is the role of the State in providing redress to all indigenous New Zealanders, collectives and individuals, for breaches of both Article II and Article III treaty rights. However, urbanization and detribalization limit access to social justice and the benefits of treaty settlements have yet to trickle-down to individual Maori households. When we examine changes in indicators of well-being, we find modest improvement in the first decade and there after Maori people experience greater and increasing income inequality, unemployment and poverty than other population subgroups. In order to explain these findings, we also address the following questions: What is the relationship between detribalization and access to treaty settlement assets? What strategies should Government undertake to provide redress for breaches of Article III treaty rights -- redress to individual Maori as well as tribal collectives?

"Just Like A Work-Girl’?: Ambiguous Egalitarianism In ‘The Garden Party’ By Katherine Mansfield"

This paper is offered as one pedagogical approach when ‘teaching’ this story to undergraduates. First, it sketches an overview of the main critical positions that have been articulated regarding ‘The Garden Party,’ before arguing that Mansfield’s construction of the extrafictional voice be carefully analyzed. Such an analysis is shown as capable of yielding information on the skillful textual devices that manipulate the reader, devices that offer clear indications of the story’s political position towards the ruling-class value system it depicts. This depiction and positioning - in the view of this paper - receive further highlighting, and in the process is offered a way of assisting students to deepen their appreciation of the uses of irony in this story.

"Striking It Rich In The South Island Grasslands, 1848-1914"

This paper will discuss those settlers who made substantial fortunes on the grasslands of the South Island of New Zealand between 1848 and about 1914. While such rich settlers may be divided into two groups - pastoral sheepfarmers operating on large estates, and smaller but substantial family farmers, it will be shown that most of those who made fortunes in the South Island experienced substantial social mobility. In effect they were early immigrants who took advantage of the opportunities that presented themselves. Yet these fortunes did not depend solely on individual effort, but on state assistance via land policy, on the workings of international trade, and on the transformation of the environment. Hopefully, therefore, some contribution can be made to the understanding (even if only my own) of class formation in new societies in a way that incorporates perspectives from imperial, economic and environmental history.

"Gordon Coates And The Nation-Building State: 1920-1935"

The major periods of nation-building activity in New Zealand are often ascribed to the eras of Liberal government (1890-1911) and the first Labor government (1935-49). During the period between 1920-1935, however, Gordon Coates as Cabinet minister and Prime Minister (1925-28) provided a major impetus to transform New Zealand from a colony to a nation. Drawing together a cadre of policy advisors, Coates developed policies that fostered the nation’s infrastructure in electricity, transportation, telecommunications, research and development, town planning, and social services. In the external sector, Coates promoted agricultural producer boards, the expansion of forestry, tariff reform, and trade agreements to improve access to overseas markets. He was also instrumental in establishment of macroeconomic institutions including the central bank. In many ways, Coates laid the groundwork for the more extensive nation-building activities of the first Labor Government. Many of his policy initiatives remain the bedrock of the nation’s infrastructure at the close of the twentieth century despite more recent changes in regulatory and ownership structure.

"International Food Security: Prospects For The North American Great Plains Region"

The nature of Canadian-U.S. agricultural trade relations has been the topic of considerable discussion. Much emphasis has been placed on aggregate gains associated with international trade regimes and economic efficiency. Lesser attention has been given to impacts on ecological regions, communities and rural lifestyles, or to context-dependent issues such as equity and social stability. Considering WorldWatch projections of resource scarcity, environmental degradation, population growth and associated demand, one cannot overlook the likelihood of abrupt, regional impacts. The Great Plains region, in particular, will be impacted upon both by production pressure and political tensions associated with an increasing important issue: food security. Whereas food security is typically measured in terms of aggregate carryover stocks of grain, one can extend this analysis to consider distributional availability, safety, and affordability of basic foodstuffs and the need to preserve the socio-economic integrity of key agricultural areas. My discussion links the global projections to lifestyle changes on the Great Plains grasslands. A transborder but context-sensitive study will assess food security scenarios and the region’s potential for contributing to international stability. Cautionary mention will be made of risks associated with becoming recognized as an increasingly critical area for agricultural production.

"Culture, Technological Learning And Economic Relations: The Evolution Of Relations Between The Maori Of New Zealand And Captain Cook During His First Voyage"

The paper will focus on the relations between the Maori and Captain Cook during his first voyage to New Zealand. The initial relations were confrontational, and the Maori were disinterested in the trade goods brought by Captain Cook to establish relations. Just prior to completing the circumnavigation of the North Island, C perspective of the Europeans, the relations were conducted by European rules. Finally, an intriguing element of the evolution is the discernment of the value of iron, and its communication among the Maori. The Maori discerned the tool value of iron, and communicated that value, in a two month time span.

"A Changing People A Changing Land. A Traveling Exhibition By The National Museum Of Australia, 1993-1995"

A Changing People, A Changing Land was an exhibition about the people and the landscapes of the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia’s greatest river system. People have lived in the basin for over 40,000 years and it has long been regarded as the economic and cultural heartland of Australia. In recent years, however, it has been confronted with serious environmental problems. The National Museum worked closely with people across the Basin to develop an exhibition that told their stories about landscape changes and community responses. The core of the exhibition featured six landscapes and eight community action groups. At each venue, however, locally developed sections were included to reflect local issues. This paper will critically review the exhibition placing particular emphasis on using material cultural to interpret rural issues and on the community consultation process. It will be accompanied by a series of slides illustrating the Basin’s landscapes.

"New Zealand Dairy Board Strategies In The Global Market"

The New Zealand Dairy Board is the exporting organization for New Zealand dairy farmers and the country’s cooperatively owned dairy products manufacturing companies. The Board is one of the most successful agricultural cooperatives in the world. It is distinguished by its marketing efficiency, the cooperative structure on which it is based, the industry’s unsubsidized nature, and the $5.5 billion contribution it makes to New Zealand’s export earnings. The Board’s mission is to maximize the sustainable income of New Zealand dairy farmers through excellence in the global marketing of New Zealand origin dairy products. With 80 wholly or partly owned companies in 30 countries and marketing products in more than 100 countries, the Dairy Board has a strong and effective competitive position in the global market. The paper examines the strategies that the New Zealand Dairy Board has successfully utilized in transforming the organization into a very successful multinational food company since its inception.

"Causal Explanation and Models of Causes"

Wesley Salmon argues that his Statistical-Relevance model preserves the best features of the D-N model, while highlighting the need to account for why particular instances or events can be subsumed under general descriptions. In short, he wants to "put the ‘cause’ back in ‘because.’" But, as is true for all causal theories of explanation, Salmon must contend with Hume. This requires distinguishing what Salmon calls "true processes" from "pseudo-rocesses." Salmon thinks he can do this by a method of "mark transmission" via the transmission of conserved or invariant quantities. I argue that this approach is successful, but has consequences that seem to contradict some of Salmon’s other realistic assumptions. Conserved quantities are, after all, theoretical constructs. Episodes in Maxwell’s model of electromagnetic forces show that by Salmon’s standard, Maxwell’s model would fail to distinguish true processes from pseudo-processes because it identified angular momentum with (what we now refer to as) the intensity vectors of an electric field. In earlier forms of Maxwell’s model, angular momentum (a conserved quantity) would have identified a (true?) process involved in the propagation of an electric charge, yet angular momentum hardly seems the "true process" responsible. This is just to say that what is often called a cause is done so in virtue of a particular model and that what counts as a true process (or conserved quantity) depends on our best scientific theories and their models.

Scientists sometimes give scientific explanations that depend upon ceteris paribus laws which, although strictly speaking false, are nevertheless useful for the prediction and explanation of observed phenomena. However, if the truthfulness of a theory is at issue, many scientists will not accept such explanatory models, especially if he or she measures the success of a scientific explanation by how closely that theory approximates to the truth. These scientists, in accepting this as a goal of scientific explanation, are, at least implicitly, adopting the principle of verisimilitude: when one is confronted by a pair of rival theories, one ought to adopt the one that is nearer to the truth than the other. Scientists who accept this principle strive for truer and truer scientific explanations. If scientific explanations or predictions which incorporate the principle of verisimilitude are available, as I will argue, we can provide theories which contain a greater degree of truthfulness than others. Thus, the degree of truth that a scientific explanation contains is of great concern to science and the quest for understanding and knowledge about our world.

"The Liberal State and the Impact of Women in Office"

As increasing numbers of women have gained office, there has been considerable attention given to their impact on governance. At the state and national level, and even in cities and counties, women have made significant changes in the direction of public policy. However, local government in small towns, particular suburbs, has not recorded a similar dramatic shift. This paper argues that the reason for that distinction is the hegemony of the male and the market place conception of government at that level, where size and the liberal theory of government have inhibited change.

"Value Judgements in Science"

In Richard Rudner’s article, The Scientist Qua Scientist Makes Value Judgements, he examines the subjectivity involved in both making empirical hypotheses as well as forming theoretical hypotheses. He concentrates mainly on the former and some objectors have been unsatisfied with his ability to generalize amongst all hypotheses. Levi, for example, refers to theoretical cases as "open-ended" and contends that hypotheses of this sort do not seem to imply any immediate practical consequences. This paper expands Rudner’s thesis to include his utilitarian concept of risk in testing a theoretical hypothesis. Initially, the Platonic knowledge-as-virtue is examined. Next, the investigator identifies a number of problems encountered by accepting false hypotheses such as loss of time, money, and reputation (of both the scientist and the institution). Thirdly, through an investigation of the history of the present-day cloning project, the initial hypothesis (which may have been purely theoretical) is examined and the generalizability of Rudner’s thesis then becomes apparent.

B.A. Brody criticizes Hempel’s D-N model of scientific explanation by claiming that the model does not adequately explain every phenomenon as it should. What is needed are two additional Aristotelian criteria: a description of the "proximate cause" of the event, and sentences ascribing essential properties to the objects involved in the event to be explained. The specification of the proximate cause is supposedly necessary in order to account for the correct order of events to be explained; otherwise, one may end up proposing an explanation to a physical impossibility. When a specification of the proximate cause is not needed, Brody’s second criterion, that one must state the essential properties of the objects under investigation, is required. As I shall argue, both of these additional Aristotelian criteria are ill-founded and unnecessary, and that the D-N model, as it stands, is free from the criticism that Brody tries to impose on it.

"Science vs. Pseudo-Science: An Examination of Criteria"

Karl Popper proposed falsification as the criterion distinguishing science from pseudo-science. This criterion has proven insufficient: it either makes all theories unscientific or no theories are scientific. Pierre Duhem pointed out that hypotheses are tested in bundles; no single hypothesis can be particularly confronted and, therefore, confirmed or confuted with certainty, only with probability. Philip Kitcher reformulates criteria for scientific status: the auxiliary hypothesis must be independently testable; the theory should be unified in explanatory strategies; it should be fecund -- i.e. applicable to other areas of science; it should have predictive success and explanatory power. These criteria are able to separate respected scientific theories from pseudo-scientific theories. Applied to the evolutionist/creationist debate, Kitcher shows how evolutionary theory meets these criteria whereas "creation science" does not. This paper examines the nature of scientific hypotheses, the criteria for a theory’s classification as scientific, and the application of this classification to the evolution/creationism debate.

"The Spaltung of the Self: A Study of Lacan and Wittgenstein"

The notion of "Self" or "Ego" is central to the respective anti-Cartesian arguments of neo-Freudian psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan and language philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. Lacan’s insight conerns how meaning is produced in the naming process. "Meaning" is not itself complete, but indicates the direction in which words fail, the "beyond" to which they point - an unconscious repressed discourse. A Lacanian psychoanalysis reveals the contradictory nature of meaning and reference that is given in analysis of thought, beginning with Plato’s justified true belief concept and propositional knowledge. By making contradictions implicit in knowledge, Lacan renewed the search for foundations of logic and language beyond propositional logic. The later Wittgenstein and Lacan make a similar claim that there is no self to which the "I" might refer to. This paper explores how both figures raise philosophical questions concerning the linkage of langauge and the mind. I will explain how both share hostility to the idea of an individuated, substantive self -- that language creates an illusion that the word "I" refers to something bodiless, or real ego. In a critique of propositional logic, Wittgenstein concludes with Lacan that there is no subject that thinks or entertains ideas.

"Realism, Anti-realism and The Big Bang Model in Cosmology"

In "A Case for Scientific Realism" Ernan McMullin urges a from of realism to which successful theories warrant us to believe that "something like" the entities postulated by them really exist. Larry Laudan, in "A Confutation of Convergent Realism," retorts that this form of realism is unable, on its own principles, to give an epistemological account of why one theory triumphs at the expense of others, nor can it explain the success of theories whose central terms have not referred and whose theoretical laws were not apparently true. This debate bears upon modern cosmological models and how we are to understand the term "the universe as a whole." Wittgenstein argues that the limits of thought and language are determined by the rules of grammar belonging to the various languages used to represent the world. The big bang model, for example, serves as a complex grammatical rule to define "the universe as a whole." More forcefully applied, one might conclude that all scientific models, and the theories embedded in them, are human inventions whose success depends on explanatory and predictive functions, yet which cannot be transcended such that we may view the world "as it really is."

"The Science of Politics and the Politics of Science: Hobbes"

Sheldon S. Wolin in "Hobbes and the Culture of Despotism" asks a most important question: "Is there a political element embedded in the social representation of scientific knowledge, such that to think in certain representational terms is to redescribe certain political postures, depending on the political character of the representations?" In this paper I examine this observation and outline the senses in which the scientific enterprise influences Hobbesian politics and how Hobbesian politics influences the scientific enterprise.

This essay examines errors of inattention that contribute to tolerance of evil. While I use tolerance of animal abuse as a focus, similar failures of attentiveness can be seen in our responses (or lack thereof) to child abuse, environmental degradation, world hunger -- almost any social problem one can name. Section One catalogues ways in which we avoid awareness and cultural factors that encourage this, such as physical and linguistic hiding of suffering and our aversion to moral reproach. Section Two offers a moral diagnosis of what is problematic about pervasive inattention: (1) it obscures responsibilities to prevent harm, and (2) it undermines integrity. Section Three makes suggestions concerning how to change a social climate that fosters inattention: (1) that we revive thought about moral self-improvement, and (2) that we change our conception of awareness to encompass the notion (long embraced in Asian traditions) that consciousness is a matter involving action, practice, and choice.

"Lying and Personal Privacy"

Recent events in Washington, D.C., invite a more abstract investigation of the conceptual and moral relationship between telling the truth and protecting personal privacy. The paper begins with an analysis of the normative importance of veracity. The basic argument is the well-known worry that allowing wide spread lying threatens the very foundations of language and communication. Nevertheless, almost all moral theorists who have considered the issue of lying have recognized the permissibility of certain sorts of deliberate untruths. A brief analysis of the nature of value and personal privacy is an obvious precondition for the assessment of the claim that the protection of privacy constitutes a morally adequate defense of cold-blooded lying. The paper then argues that there are indeed situations where such a defense passes muster.

My paper explores the potential for an Aristotelian-based civic curriculum. While many theorists and political pundits lament the state of citizenship in this country, these scholars often fall into the ideological trappings of the so-called liberal-communitarian debate. In calling for an enhanced "civic liberalism" or more "republican" approach to citizenship responsibilities, neither strategy bridges the chasm between theoretical ideas and their practical application. Many of these theorists’ proposals are doomed to failure as a result. My paper, therefore seeks to overcome both this philosophical dichotomy and its pragmatic shortcomings. The object of my research is to construct a civic curriculum from the Aristotelian model of citizenship applicable to public education. This work is important and timely because many policy analysts who decry the deterioration of schools offer mere exit options as a solution. I argue that a more curricular-based and theoretical-based reform is necessary to avoid the potential pitfalls stated above.

"Baudrillard, Hyper Reality, and the Talk Show"

In this paper, I plan on applying Jean Baudrillard’s theory of hyper-reality and simulacra to the afternoon Talk Show. Baudrillard describes the progression of reality in four stages: from the real to the simulacra; the complete disassociation of the sign from reality. For Baudrilliard, culture is a very important tool and indicator of society. By controlling how we see ourselves in certain aspects of culture the code of production and assimilation is reinforced. This, I believe, can be applied to the Talk Show. These shows claim that they are discussing issues important to daily life. They claim that they are offering the public an open forum to discuss these issues. The guests are supposedly real people with universal problems that we, the audience, can help to solve. But this, I contend, is not case. Talk Shows are simply pure simulacra. They merely mimic what they conceive the reality to be.

"Reinserting the Missing Link: Applying Philosophy in The Field of Value"

This paper is an attempt to evaluate the validity of my thesis, viz., that public environmental policy is no longer directly linked to values in environmental philosophy; and that, if it were, environment policy might be more effective. This paper will examine which values might need to be introduced into policy, how they would be introduced and where. It will be the first of a two part inquiry, with this paper representing the results of the experiment. The case I will be testing is the thesis: Ruedi Reservoir and the Colorado River Recovery Program for Endangered Species. My job as a public information coordinator for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation is to create a good relationship between our agency, other agencies and the general public involved in the Recovery Program issues on the Colorado River. Our agency manages Ruedi Reservoir which makes releases to enhance peak flows for fish in the Colorado River several times a year. Currently, we do not have the support of understanding of the local publics. My hope is that behind recovery of endangered species (in this case, four kinds of native fish), they will be more responsive and supportive of our efforts under the Endangered Species Act.

"Trading Vital Organs as Criminal Justice"

During the 1998 legislative session, elected state representatives in Missouri gained considerable national attention upon introducing House Bill 1670, the so-called "Life for Life" bill that would allow state prison inmates, under restrictive circumstances, to donate bone marrow or kidney in exchange for commutation of their death sentences to life imprisonment without parole. The proposal did not become state law, but it managed to gain a measure of support not only from those traditionally opposed to the death penalty but from those who have been its staunch advocates as well. The retributive logic of its "life for life" exchange warrants closer philosophical investigation. After examining the detail and implications of the proposal, I argue that its apparent "good intentions" should not be allowed to mask its ill-conceived and morally unacceptable design. Thereafter, I review retributive, deterrence and incapacitative considerations typically relied upon in arguments concerning death penalty practices.

"Interpersonal Trust and Its Ethical Significance"

In this paper I give a conceptual analysis of interpersonal trust. This analysis includes a discussion of the component parts of interpersonal trust -- the relationary component, non-malevolence, care and risk. I will also contrast interpersonal trust with two other forms of trust -- self-trust. However, I will not neglect to explore the importance these other forms of trust have in the development and maintenance of interpersonal trust. Finally, I will argue that interpersonal trust is ethically significant because it helps to develop and sustain ethically significant relationships of which interpersonal trust is a necessary part.

"Scientific Explanation and Reductionism"

The nature of scientific explanations provides insight into the reduction of scientific theories through an analysis of explanatory power. The symmetry thesis holds that explanation and prediction are logically similar, but when analyzed in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions, an inherent asymmetry between causes and effects is revealed, giving rise to explanations without predictive power and predictions lacking explanatory power. This analysis shows that the special cases in which the symmetry thesis holds, i.e. where causes are both necessary and sufficient for their effects, are those in which maximum explanatory and predicative power obtains. The explanation of hemoglobin function in terms of molecular structure illustrates the problem. Since the molecular structure doesn’t supply necessary and sufficient conditions for the function, full explanatory and predictive power is not achieved. Hence, reduction of a biological theory to a physico-chemical one provides us with only partial explanations.

"Non-equilibrium Systems, Complexity Theory, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics"

The nature of nonequilibrium physical and chemical systems, especially as explored by Ilya Prigongine, together with the developments in the new sciences of complexity and chaos by researchers such as Doyne Farmer, Stuart Kauffman and Christopher Langton at the Santa Fe Institute, have raised questions whether a new Second Law of Thermodynamics will need to be formulated. I argue for this basic position to the effect that the classical Second Law cannot be applied to nonequilibrium systems and unique phase transitions systems that are at the edge of order and chaos. However, unlike the complexity and chaos theorists, I further argue that the position is as much philosophical as scientific and that we should not be so much concerned with formulating a new second law as a completely different Fourth Law. I conclude by raising some general philosophical consequences of my arguments.

"Not All Luddites are Confused"

Support for luddite views range from ridiculous to well argued. One, which is clearly well argued and deserving of a closer look, is that of Lyons, 1979, as described in his Inquiry article "Are Luddites Confused?". He argues that technological powers which cause more harm than good should not be considered advances. Furthermore, he maintains that humans are quicker to learn how to do things than they are to learn whether or not these things should be done (know-how vs. know-whether). If harmful misuse is likely, technological advances cannot be considered to be, as a whole, true advances. This paper considers the luddite view in the context of two types of technology in atmospheric science: weather modification and numerical modeling. We may find that one of these technologies satisfies even the luddite criteria for a technology that can be recognized as truly beneficial.

"Redefining the Debate on Affirmative Action"

The vast majority of literature on this topic obscured the fundamental purpose of affirmative action. This literature has served as a diverse tool because it is typically sophistical in argument, based on selective use and manipulation of statistics, resting on questionable assumptions, and lacking an understanding of affirmative action’s ultimate objective and realistic capabilities. Literature by Stanley Fish, Owen M. Fiss, and Linda Chavez will be analyzed and critiqued to show that the previously mentioned deficiencies exist even in the most educated and intellectual writings on the subject. The original implementation of affirmative action was absolutely necessary. However, the crucial point that is typically forgotten is that this program was never intended to be a permanent fixture with society. The second misunderstanding is the belief that affirmative action must be retained until society is free of all racial discrimination. Affirmative action will never eliminate all racial discrimination, and a completely level playing field is impossible in a class-based society. If retained too long it may actually hinder the final objective of the program. People need to focus on answering two fundamental questions: to what extent does the structure of society still perpetuate a system of inequality for minorities, and what is the best way to eliminate whatever inequalities still exist?

"Ruinous Riches?: Oil and/or Democracy in Azerbaijan"

Whether or not foreign investment in oil is creating an environment conducive to democracy in Azerbaijan is the question this paper seeks to answer. A foreign investment in an extractive industry, such as oil, has a different impact on the political structure, since oil rents and revenues are highly centralized and accrue directly to the state, which then distributes or invests them. By utilizing the comparative and theoretical literature, this paper will make the argument that in the case of Azerbaijan, where most of the capital inflow has been through foreign direct investment and in the oil sector particularly, globalization of capital has not worked to create an environment conducive to democracy. Instead, it has further reinforced the power of the authoritarian elites with entrenched interests in the existing power structures. By an analysis that links capital inflows to sources of political power, this paper differs remarkably from post-communist area studies.

"Understanding Private Pension Policy"

In spite of alarms raised by economists and journalists over the decreasing availability of private pensions, relatively little is known about the topic. Private pension availability will become even more critical with increasing pressure on Social Security. This paper explores the political aspects of private pension policy, analyzing Congressional hearings, legislation, and organized interest group data from 1970 through 1994, the 20^th anniversary of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA). The paper begins with a discussion of competing theoretical models which may explain pension policy. The interests pursued by the major contenders are then delineated. Consideration of pension policy in the primary committee venues is then traced and the treatment of proposals scored to assess the success of the contending interests. The conclusion will compare the outcomes to the predictions of competing theoretical models and link changes in committee influence, executive pressure for increased revenue, and interest group activity to present policy.

"Prospects for Peace in Northern Ireland: An Analysis of the Recent Peace Initiatives

This paper considers the prospects for peace in Northern Ireland as a result of the latest peace initiative known as the Belfast Agreement. In order to understand the potential for peace from this latest agreement, one must first briefly examine the history of the conflict in Northern Ireland, and previous failed attempts at peace, particularly the 1973 Sunningdale Agreement. Special attention is paid to the domestic and international constraints involved in reaching agreement, and the institutional changes proposed to ensure peace in the future. This analysis is important to be able to predict the likelihood of a lasting peace in Ireland (north and south), and offer possible insights and options for conflict resolution in other regions.

"The Church, Government, and Solidarity on the Road to Democracy in Poland, 1978-1995*

Poland was on of the foremost herald countries that jumped into the democratization movement. This causes the question what made the Poles participate in the process of democratization against their communist governments in 1956, 1968, 1970, 1976, 1980 long before a so-called global democratization wave tumbled the Eastern Europe’s communist regimes in 1989. The paper investigates the role of Polish Catholicism in the dynamic process of Polish democratization in the light of the triadic institutional arrangement between the Polish Catholic church, the communist government, and the Solidarity social movement with regard to the utility of Kuran’s "preference falsification" of individual choice theory in his 1991 World Politics article. Polish politics indicated that the very religious Poles also needed to first feed themselves to grow into spiritual maturity. In other words, the Polish politics showed that the economic requisite, that is, basic needs for food and shelter, must be satisfied before any politics comes in.

*The earlier version of this seminal paper was presented to the Central Slavic Conference, April 23-25, 1998 on "Religion in Eastern Europe and Russia" at Oklahoma Baptist University, Shawnee, Oklahoma.

"The Political Orientation of Senior Citizens as We Begin the 21^st Century"

The central focus of this paper is on the political orientation of our senior citizens. The number of senior citizens will grow dramatically early in the 21^st century. In 1900 four percent of the American population was over 65, but as we begin the 21^st century eleven percent of our population will be over 65. The oldest of the "Baby Boomers", who number about 76 million, will turn 65 at the end of the first decade of the 21^st century. Therefore, it is the intent of this paper to identify and discuss those factors which will enable us to better understand the political orientation of this large block of citizens. The different topical areas covered are: senior citizens and their political information, attitudes, ideology, and partisanship. The coverage of these topics should enable one to better understand those political factors which currently guide the political life of America’s senior citizens.

"A Causal Analysis of Casework in Professional and Citizen Legislatures: A Gender Comparison"

Based on a nationwide survey of 4,600 state legislators conducted during 1991-92, this paper will examine the impact of various personal, political, institutional, and district-related characteristics on a legislator’s casework emphasis, Separate path models for female and male legislators within the 20 most professional state legislatures and the 20 most citizen legislatures will be developed. Differences, as well as similarities, regarding casework emphasis among these four models (female-professional legislature, female-citizen legislature, male-professional legislature, and male-citizen legislature) will be analyzed using a path analytic framework.

"Political Challenges of Border Communities: The Case of Colonias in South Texas"

Colonias are housing settlements for low-income Mexican-Americans, many of whom are temporary, or semi-permanent, settlers. Colonias tend to be located in rural areas and often lack basic services, such as safe housing, electricity and sanitation. Colonia residents are, therefore, threatened by significant health problems. Exacerbating matters is the fact that colonia residents often face environmental risks from pesticides and pollution. The response on the part of local and state government, especially in South Texas, has been slow and grudging. Combining theories of environmental justice or environmental equity, this paper examines the interaction of race, class and the environment. It expands on the theoretical contributions of the new social movement literature. Explanations and predictions based on an institutional analysis can provide useful insights into explaining why colonia residents find it so difficult to have their case heard.

Since Deng Xiaoping’s Four Modernizations campaign in 1979, many Western scholars have argued that democracy in China is likely in the future. However, this paper contends that significant cultural differences between China and Western democracies will either prevent China from becoming a democracy or will significantly condition its democratic tendencies. Western democracy depends upon value placed on certain modes of political participation which are not altogether consistent with modes of participation in Chinese culture. Chinese participation is more particularistic in nature, while U.S. participation is more individualistic. This paper will explore how even the strongest advocates of democracy in China, the democratic protesters in 1989, were conditioned by a particularistic Chinese culture, and how even politicians in the U.S., who often engage in particularistic relationships, are still limited in their behavior by the norms which comprise individualistic American culture.

" Historical Detective Fiction: Political Theory and the Politics of Counter-Hegemony"

Some twenty-five years ago Frederic Jameson referred to the detective story as "a form without ideological content, without any overt political or social or philosophical point . . ." and, about the same time, E.M. Beckman wrote: "the traditional detective novel is not a novel at all but an intellectual game on the level of acrostics or checkers." These characterizations appear to be representative of the conventional view of detective fiction among literary critics. This paper will argue that detective fiction in general and the historical mystery in particular is rooted in a particular philosophical point of view with clear cut social and political implications. To illustrate this argument, the paper will focus on the Owen Archer mysteries of Candace Robb which are set in 14^th century York. Some reference will also be made to the historical mysteries of Ellis Peters and Sharan Newman.

"An Ever Cleaner Union? European Union Environmental Policy in the 1990s."

Since the 1970s the European Community/Union has made significant efforts to improve environmental conditions across the continent and has achieved considerable success. The passage of the Maastricht Treaty in the early 1990s reaffirmed the Union’s commitment to protect the environment by explicitly including environmental protection in several of its articles. This paper will argue that the Union, specifically the Commission, must balance the costs to the environmental against the benefits of free trade. While required to integrate environmental concerns in all policies, the Commission, by favoring solutions that often slights efforts to protect the environment to promote its economic goals, sets a Union agenda that can be characterized as a "market environmentalism." Such a response requires the European Parliament, the European Court of Justice or societal interest groups to raise environmental concerns. This trend is disconcerting as the Union moves into the next decade where it will face both the difficulties of more intractable environmental problems.

"The Political Economy of Ethnicity in Africa"

This paper explores the dynamic conflicts between individual and communal identities and their impact on national development in several Sub-Saharan African countries. Essentially, the paper argues that ethnicity as a concept is not deleterious to designing and implementing political and economic policies in Africa. Rather, politicized ethnicity within the context of diverse social formations, e.g., multiethnic states, largely explains most of the ethnic based problems for development in Africa.

"The Effects of Mixed Electoral Systems: Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe"

Students of institutional design have long argued that electoral systems shape political realities through their mechanical and psychological effects on politicians and voters (Duverger 1954; Rae 1971); Taagepera and Shugart 1989; Grofman and Lijphar 1986; Lijphart 1994; Cox 1997, etc.). While these studies have focused on majoritarian and proportional representation rules (PR), the recent proliferation of systems combining the two formulae poses a new puzzle: what is the effect of mixed electoral rules on politics? This study tests the main hypothesis that mixed electoral systems will lead to more fragmented party systems than ajoritarian systems will, but to less fragmentation than PR systems. The model is tested using data from the 1989-1998 parliamentary elections held in fifteen Central and East European countries, nine of which have adopted mixed systems. The method of analysis is multivariate regression appropriate to study the independent effects of mixed rules.

"Testing a Model of American Elite Generational Continuity With Cross National Data"

In another work the author developed a model of American elite generational continuity which indicates the expected linkages between the members of a set of political figures and their office-holding relatives in the previous and in the subsequent generations as well as the member’s own generation. The objective of this paper is to test the validity of that model by applying it to a cross national data set consisting of 122 national chief executives who were in office in 1990. The working hypothesis is that the model will be as useful in explaining the kinship dimensions of elite continuity in other political systems. In broad terms the findings with respect to national chief executives correspond closely to the expectations of the model. Most of the differences between the expected and the discovered kinship patterns may be accounted for by the fact that descendants of the leaders still have time to enter the political arena.

"A Social Desirability Scale for Political Science: A Preliminary Study"

The problem that "social desirability" poses for survey research was first noted by psychologists in the early Postwar years. While the term has been defined a number of ways, it generally refers to respondents’ tendency to provide answers that reflect a culturally acceptable norm rather than their actual behavior.

Several scales have been devised by psychologists that are based on questions found in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). The social desirability scales devised by psychologists are inappropriate for most surveys used by political scientists. This research seeks to add another tool to the inventory of political scientists attempting to eliminate social desirability bias from their research. A fifteen question social desirability scale has been created and is currently being test for reliability and validity. When completed, the research will demonstrate that the new scale allows researchers to determine which respondents tend to give socially desirable responses to survey questions rather than those that are accurate.

" Determinants of Foreign Assistance: The Case of the Reagan, Bush, and Clinton Administration"

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the changes that took place under the Reagan administration with regard to foreign assistance and to show the consequences of those changes, which continued on through the next two administrations. The statistical analysis represents a study that goes beyond the simple task of understanding policy; rather it explores the underlying motivations for distributing aid to developing countries. We argue that both the level of freedom in specific countries as well as the level of the gross national product (GNP) per capita influences the level of foreign aid allocations. To test this proposition, descriptive statistics and time-series analysis are conducted — both in general and for specific areas — that attend to year and level of freedom. We conclude that the level of freedom and the level of GNP per capita do influence the amount of aid, through this influence is somewhat limited.

" Scaling Male Bastions of Power: An Examination of the Intersection Among Gender, Class and Public Opinion in the Confirmation Hearings of 1993 Presidential Nominations"

In 1992 president-elect Bill Clinton nominated an unprecedented number of females to high-level posts. The majority of these nominations went smoothly. Yet, though 1993 was widely touted as being "The Year of the Woman," an examination of the nomination hearing transcripts of female candidates reveals that gender issues or expectations were not only salient in the hearings but, in the case of the first female nominee to the post of attorney general, proved fatal. Political scientists to date have yet to examine why gender issues layered on top of class concerns proved to be a volatile mixture that caused an unexpected explosion of outraged public reaction in the case of Zoe Baird but failed to appear in the examples of other female nominees. My paper serves as an introductory lens through which to examine the previously under-explored difficulties faced by female nominees as it examines the intersections of gender, class and public opinion.

"The Right fo Suffer as Individuals Or The Necessity to Survive as a Society: AIDS and The Right of Privacy"

In recent decades the courts have recognized the existence of a right of privacy which protects the ability of individuals to make certain intimate decisions regarding their personal lives with a minimum of governmental interference. Also in recent decades, our nation has faced one of the most serious health crises of the late Twentieth Century in the form of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. As we approach the Twenty-First Century, a conflict exists between these jurisprudential concerns and public health needs. The reporting and testing requirements normally associated with containing the spread of a disease run headlong into the most basic notions of privacy rights. As more and more states take action to limit the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, constitutional challenges loom on the horizon. This paper will examine judicial interpretation of the right of privacy and the guidance provided on the issues associated with this governmental battle against AIDS.

"Natural Law Tradition: Stoic World View to Modern Human Rights"

This paper will analyze the philosophical development of the theoretical concepts that pertain to natural law tradition. This will include natural law, natural rights, and human rights theories that had their origins in stoic political thought.

Both Heidegger and his student Patocka have been given new attention in political theory over recent years. Heidegger has been the object of a great amount of both criticism and praise, much of which is centered on his relation to the National Socialist regime. However, lost in this noise is Heidegger’s essential political philosophy, which is centered on an individualistic conception of Dasein as a being-in-the-world. Patocka has a similar idea of politics. Patocka also decries inauthentic existence, but insists that this self-estrangement is due to a fundamental feature of human existence. This paper seeks to explore the philosophy of these two thinkers on the topic of the authentic self and their ideas of community. The analysis will seek to uncover the implications of these philosophies for modern society, especially in the areas of democratic legitimacy and the relation of the self to politics.

While internationally-recognized human rights have generally been accepted by the democratizing East European states, the basic rights of the Gypsies, or the Roma, Eastern Europe’s largest ethnic minority, continue to be violated. The Roma have been discriminated and persecuted by their East European neighbors for centuries, but their status and treatment are now changing as Eastern Europe struggles to attain democracy and human rights, especially given their goal to integrate with the West. The concerns of the Gypsies have received more attention than in previous periods, both by international organizations and East European states. Nevertheless, persistent problems remain. The Roma are still systematically denied basic rights in all areas of society, both as individuals, and as members of an ethnic minority. This paper will explore the changing status of the Roma in Eastern Europe and will evaluate the recent efforts by both domestic and international actors to include the Roma in democratic politics.

"Cooperative Efforts in Human Resources Development in San Diego- Tijuana and Vancouver-Seattle Corridor Regions: A Comparative Study"

The paper explores, by way of comparison, some of the ways in which interaction occurs with regard to human resources development in the San Diego-Tijuana and Vancouver-Seattle border corridor regions. In addition to examining the various forms of educational and job-training exchanges that exist in the two areas, it points out ways in which the two binational regions differ in this respect, as well as the reasons for such differences.

Since the end of World War II Congress has been quite active in the area of immigration. The problem areas have been illegal immigrants, legal immigrants, asylum, and such social problems as welfare, education, and crime. Since the 1980s Congress and the courts have responded to public concerns about immigration-related issues without a great deal of success.

"A Causal Analysis of Casework in Professional and Citizen Legislatures: A Gender Comparison"

Based on a nationwide survey of 4,600 state legislators conducted during 1991-92, this paper will examine the impact of various personal, political, institutional, and district-related characteristics on a legislator’s casework emphasis, Separate path models for female and male legislators within the 20 most professional state legislatures and the 20 most citizen legislatures will be developed. Differences, as well as similarities, regarding casework emphasis among these four models (female-professional legislature, female-citizen legislature, male-professional legislature, and male-citizen legislature) will be analyzed using a path analytic framework.

"The 1998 Montana General Election"

This paper will describe and analyze the 1998 Montana general election in terms of the state’s historic, but changing, political tendencies. It will integrate material from the "MSU-Billings Poll," completed two weeks prior to the election into the analytical paart of the study. A sub-section will deal with women legislative candidates. Finally, an attempt will be made ot explain why a controversial ballot issue (CI-75), which requires a popular vote prior to any new tax or fee being put into effect by any state/local entity in Montana passed.

To compare Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) fear and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) exposure between Mexican and Southern California female street sex workers (FSWs) I interviewed 72 FSWs in San Bernardino, California. All were intravenous drug users (IDUs). Then I interviewed 102 FWSs in four big Mexican cities – Tijuana, Cd. Juarez, Cd. Victoria, and Cuernavaca. The Americans and Mexicans both were afraid of AIDS. Unlike the Americans, almost no Mexican FSWs were IDUs; the Mexicans knew less about HIV transmission, but more required condom use. Most Mexican FSWs were licensed under legal prostitution systems requiring regular medical exams.

There are big differences between the two groups on HIV/Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) risk exposure and the legal basis, sociology, and economics of street sex work. Mexican FSWs, for whom prostitution is a job, are "choir girls" compared with their American counterparts who prostitute for drug money and are more at-risk for STDs.

To reduce AIDS, Hepatitis C, and other STDs among American street prostitutes, a Mexican-style commercial sex work decriminalization and registration system is recommended. Expanded needle-exchange, free methadone and heroin maintenance are recommended for the U.S. However, political, economic, and moral constraints color the context of these decisions making them unlikely in the next term.

This paper develops a simple model for determining an investment portfolio for public funds. The model is constructed in such a way that it can be used for portfolios of any size and can be easily tailored to meet both short and long-term needs of an organization. The paper provides an example showing how the model could be used to deal with real world problems, in particular, those facing institutions of higher learning, which have not been seriously addressed in the literature.

Carriker, Robert, University of Southwestern Louisiana

"Semi-Rural Community Building in the West: The Division of Subsistence Homesteads' Experimental Communities, 1933-1998,"

This paper examines four experimental New Deal communities begun by the Division of Subsistence Homesteads (DSH) in the Far West: Phoenix, Arizona; El Monte and San Fernando, California; and Longview, Washington. The homesteads were organized to serve as examples of how the country could benefit from a proliferation of semi-rural neighborhoods where part-time farming, uplifting social functions, and inexpensive homes helped establish a better way of life. They would encompass a new expression of some basic American values which held that living close to the land created a stronger society and a stronger democracy. By combining the benefits of rural and urban living (rurban), the communities were to demonstrate the path toward a healthier and more economically secure future. Interestingly, the projects were also race-based, and unaccepting of people with disabilities or in poor health, or who were not "neighborly." They were, after all, heavily managed experiments.

Havet, Jose, Ottawa University

"Indigenous Identity and Project Implementation in Rural Mexico: A Case Study"

This paper addresses a development project that integrates three partners: A Mexican local rural organization (in X'pujil, Campeche), a Canadian Indian organization from a reserve and a Canadian university. The key idea was to act on any initiative expressed by the Mexican organization, and this by relying on "indigenous knowledge." The paper discusses controversies in X'pujil about the "indigenous" identity assumed by the local rural organization; the gap between Canadian and local Mexican definitions of "indigenous," in particular, the ascribed versus achieved status dimension of these definitions, as well as a possible refocusing of the collaboration between the project's three partners. It concludes that Canadian realities and perceptions--including "indigenous" ones--cannot be "exported" when implementing a development project. The critical variables have to be mainly--if not exclusively-- grass-roots and local.

"United States Land Policy and the Creation of Commodity Land,"

In the latter eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the United States government established the legal system of fee simple ownership and undertook a program of land surveying, creating the institutional framework whereby public lands could be transferred into private ownership or commodified. Beginning in the late eighteenth century federal land policies were designed within this framework and served this purpose. Diversity of specific policies and the misconceived notion that agricultural settlement was the purpose of land policies has masked this underlying continuity. For example, scholars of federal land policy have concentrated on policy diversity, whether they succeeded or failed to assure the settlement of a society of small independent farmers, etc. This misplaced emphasis has created confusion about land policies. This paper argues that the logic and continuity of federal land policy are revealed only if one envisions them in the context of commodification of land.

Lara, Antonio, University of the Americas-Puebla

"Downs Issue Attention Cycle and the Politics of Corporate Hog Farms and Nitrates Pollution in Colorado"

This paper looks at the shaping of popular interest during a controversy surrounding National Hog Farms and allegations of nitrate pollution, a controversy which lends itself to a test of the Issue-Attention Cycle. It hypothesises that when wealthy patrons and highly organized groups compete to define causation, blame and responsibility and thus influence policy choices, then a mini-version of Cycle may precede/overlap a predicted occurrence of the Cycle. Also policy choices reflected in an election may bring an abrupt closure to the Cycle in a manner consistent with presumed more gradual decline of public interest and the post-problem stages of the Downs' model. Also principal political actors tend to attack and disapprove of the motives and/or reasonableness of their chief opponents while perceiving themselves to be reasonable persons motivated by a concern for the public's well-being from an environmental, ethical or economic perspective.

Relying on ancient literary sources, this paper demonstrates the way in which the allocation or distribution of property in Athens was related to the ideal of self-sufficiency in agriculturally based villages throughout ancient Athens. It provides a overview of the theories of land allocation expressed by Plato and other Greek thinkers, and demonstrates they were informed by ancient Athenian culture. This paper reveals an attempt to reconcile the demands for sustenance with the values and norms governing the relationship between households aspiring to self-sufficiency, which required both the possession of property and the means by which to locate the limits of, and therefore preserve, that possession. According to ancient sources, preservation of property was a necessary step toward the attaining of self-sufficiency that ensured the freedom and autonomy so highly praised in ancient Athenian literature.

"The Status of Rural Women in Kashmir"

The Indian State is a signatory to the Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Not only this, the Indian Constitution also exhorts the Government to positively discriminate in favour of women and to pro-actively bring them on an equal footing with men. Nevertheless, the author has found that in Kashmir, a predominately agrarian society, discrimination against women exists in education, employment, family financial control, inheritance rights. Drawing upon a study conducted by the author in two districts of Kashmir Valley (namely Budgam and Baramulla) in the years 1995-96 this paper discusses the status of women in Kashmir and outlines strategy and policy level changes to improve the situation.

"Debating Secrecy Openly: Email Lists and the Issue of Confidentiality"

In the eighteenth century, secret lodges used cyphers and swore their members to absolute discretion. But how does a movement with as long a history as Masonry deal with the Web and email...the hierarchy of the lodges is struggling to control the use of computer technology, and this suggests, losing the fight. As with nations, the lodges are discovering that their control over information, which was long absolute, is crumbling because of the ease of access to computers. The paper concludes that even secret organizations such as Opus Dei, the Caballeros de Colon, the Orange, the Phythians and so on are being dragged into the light by the cabling of the world.

Film entitled, "Homecoming," which explores the rural roots of African American life. Chronicles the generation-old struggle of African Americans for land of their own which pitted them against both the Southern white power structure and the federal agencies responsible for helping them. The film is also a meditation on the unfinished work of redeeming the land African Americans worked as slaves for hundreds of years. August Wilson asserts that African Americans are a rural people who after the Great Migration found themselves in an alien urban milieu. The film argues that African American farms, though small in number today, can continue to provide African Americans with a sense of cultural stability and family unity in the 1990s. Producer/Director: Charlene Gilbert

This paper explores the sales and sub-divisions of farms in Marirangwe purchase area, a community of freehold farmers in Zimbabwe. The paper traces the changing conceptions of "adequate" acreage from the early period of settlement in the 1930s to the wave of sales and sub-divisions in the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1930s freehold farmers agitated for more land, arguing that as freehold farmers they deserved as much land as white settlers. By the 1950s these same farmers insisted on their right to sell and sub-divide land to newcomers in the area. The reasons for this wholesale reversal are explored in terms of generational conflict on the farms and economic pressures on freehold farmers. Government policy is also traced from an initial policy against sub-divisions to the approval and encouragement of farm sub-divisions.

Through the 1840s New York City region agriculturalists marketed products through significantly different methods. Producer location and the item were important in whether exchanges were retail or wholesale. Farmers engaged in mostly wholesale exchanges with neighbors, country storekeepers and forwarding merchants. Urban agriculturists participated in mostly retail exchanges either at municipal markets or in an itinerant fashion. "Near-urban" farmers engaged in limited wholesale and extensive retail trade. Starting in the 1840s marketing opportunities for these diverse producers gradually converged. Improved transportation, population growth, decline of municipal markets and expansion of wholesale trade, farm abandonment and regional shifts in production encouraged farmers to embrace new marketing strategies. Farmers, commercial gardeners, urban milk producers and others formed close relationships with city wholesalers and moved away from retail trade. These changes, which solidified in the 1860s, mark the emergence of a system of food distribution which lasted for more than 100 years.

"Children, Agriculture and Forests: A Sociological Approach to Children's Agricultural Work and Schooling in the Peruvian Sierra and Selva"

"The Villa Sacchetti at Castelfusano: Health, Agriculture and Hospitality at the Roman Country Estate,"

"The Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Dispute: Latest Developments in the Continuing Saga."

This paper follows recent developments in the complex international and domestic dispute engendered by the Gabcikovo(Bos)-Nagymaros Barrage project. The 1998 decision on the dispute catalyzed another round of conflicts between and within Hungary and Slovakia and has been identified by some participants as a factor in the recent changes in government in both countries. The latest round of negotiations by the two parties to the dispute began on November 27, 1998 and promises to provide valuable insights into the goals of the two new governments. This study examines the key elements and implications of the International Court of Justice decision and their subsequent impact on politics in Hungary and Slovakia.

"Testing Consolidation Theory: An Analysis of Slovenia’s Transition

This paper examines the consolidation of democracy in Slovenia and its relevance to the broader theoretical study of the consolidation of democratic governments. The case of Slovenia represents a potentially valuable contribution to our understanding of why a consolidation process unfolds in a particular way with a particular outcome. Not only might the positive experiences of Slovenia complement the growing body of knowledge about democratic consolidations, but its own unique history - coming out of the disintegration of Yugoslavia - adds to the diversity of cases relevant to the study of consolidations. The theoretical focus of the analysis addresses both those factors existing prior to the commencement of the consolidation process, and challenges that arise during consolidation.

"Chekhov’s "Ward Six": An Acerbic Comment on a Universal Phenomenon"

The sense of responsibility is a universal theme. But Chekhov turns it upside down to focus, in his grim novella "Ward Six". The story is set in a provincial town populated by narrow-minded philistines. The town has several prisons and only one "Godforesaken" hospital. The chief doctor and administrator of the hospital is the story’s main protagonist. In the context of the story we learn that he becomes a villain. The "little Bastille", the verdict he pronounces on the hospital upon assuming his duties, remains an "abomination", a "pit", in his own words, following his tenure of twenty years. What causes his criminalpassivity? Here we encounter another universal phenomenon: the lack of passion for one’s vocation. Why? Dr. Ragin was forced into a medical profession by his father (himself a doctor) and thus failed criminally to fulfill his mission as a healer.

"Transitionalism vs. Trans-Nationalism: Conflicting Trends in Independent Latvia"

While social and economic dislocations have characterized the transitional periods of all of the former socialist states the question of ethnic identity has proven the most problematic. Latvian political leaders have focused on the need to vigorously pursue democracy and recapture western values but a political culture fragmented according to ethnic identity has prevented cohesion. This paper applies the literature of transition theory to the Latvian case to discover whether the concepts of democracy and market economies are compatible to the challenges of extra-systemic identity.

This paper emphasizes the gap between scientific breakthroughs in Soviet laboratories and the inability of the Soviet pharmaceutical industry to produce and distribute medicines and medical supplies on a large scale even as the German invasion of Russia was looming. More importantly, the paper analyzes the reasons for the problems in the pharmaceutical industry during the first three five year plans and stresses that managers in the industry publicized its defects in their journals and complained about them in reports sent to government superiors. Examination of this industry before 1940 helps explain the shortages of medicines and supplies in the Soviet Union until recently, helps elucidate why the Soviet Union had to move from a planned, command-administrative economic structure to a market system, and gives texture to the relationship between the government and citizens and health professionals during the Stalin period.

"The Aesthetics of Identity in the Anti-Identity State: Representations

of Femininity in Holland and Petrushevskaia"

This paper compares the representations of femininity found in the work of Agnieszka Holland and Liudmila Petrushevskaia from the early 1980s. It analyzes the similarities in strategies of representation present in Petrushevskaia’s prose from the 1980s, particularly the short stories "Svoi krug" and "Smotrovaia ploshchadka", and Holland’s Polish films, particularly "Provincial Actors". By applying theories of gender construction developed by scholars such as Judith Butler, this paper looks at how Holland and Petrushevskaia managed to develop scathing social criticism of Soviet society by constructing works filtered through the lens of heavily proscribed gender roles in a society that had supposedly achieved gender equality. Through this analysis we can also come to look at strands of aesthetic continuity found in works of art from the late Soviet period across Slavic countries.

"Dr. Petr Badmaev and Tibetan Medicine in Russia, 1860-1938

The focus of this paper is on the use of Tibetan medicine in St. Petersburg from the 1860s to the 1930s. It examines the career of Dr. Petr Badmaev as a medical practitioner in the capital until 1917, and later during the period of Soviet power.

When the Bolsheviks strove to create a new materialist worldview in Soviet Russia no dimension of this process would ultimately prove more important than altering the rhythms of the lives of individuals. In this regard, the promotion of atheism was a key component in an overarching effort to alter prevailing social myths and values. In the Bolsheviks’ attempts to recast public consciousness at the level of the individual citizen, the topics of gender and generation received special attention. The main story lies in the varieties of strategies of accommodation with which individuals responded. This paper demonstrates that important changes did indeed take place during the period 1917-1932 but that the transformation was grounded in a complex of strategies of accommodation that lay outside either strict Bolshevik or Russian Orthodox understandings of Russian society.

"The Czechs vs. the Germans: A 1998 Fulbright Scholar’s View of Current Political, Social, and Economic `Trends"

This paper attempts to explain many of the obstacles facing the Czech people as they attempt to re-enter Europe, as well as their difficult relations with Germany on this subject. The paper addresses the Sudentendeutsch problem which has been a thorn in the side of both countries for several decades. In addition to addressing controversy the paper also examines several more positive themes including economic partnerships, environmental clean-up, and political alliances. Drawing on the experiences of a recent Fulbright-funded stay in this region the author speculates on the impact of these disputes on the Czech Republic’s possible inclusion in the European Union in 2002.

"The Prospects for the Development of Civic Traditions in Russia"

The process of the transformation in the former communist countries, especially in Russia, causes concern among Western observers and a wider public for many reasons. All factors of instability would become less dangerous if Russia had strong traditions of civic cooperation, participation in public life, voluntary associations, mutual aid, trust and reciprocity. Yet the case is precisely the opposite: Russia has very strong traditions of "non-civicness" and the present Russian social environment is not favorable to the emergence of civic institutions and establishment of civic traditions. Reasons do exist to believe that an opposite outcome is still highly probable, however.

"The Russians are Coming: The Arrival of the Russian Brigades in France in 1916"

Using information drawn from France’s "Archives de la guerre" and "Archives du ministere des affaires etrangeres" this paper examines the events surrounding the recruitment of and actual arrival of two Russian brigades to fight in France in 1916. Special emphasis is given to the French diplomatic mission to Petrograd in December 1915 and the actual composition of the Russian units that arrived in France. In addition, this paper describes the training and equipment provided to the Russian soldiers after their arrival in French camps. French plans to integrate these Russian units into the French army are also discussed as are the French opinions of the fighting potential of these Russian soldiers. The paper ends with a description of the role the Russian brigades played in the French general offensive during the spring of 1917. The Russian casualties incurred from this offensive are noted as are the detrimental effects of these losses on the Russian brigades in France.

"Printers vs. Journalists: The Myth and the Reality of Socialist Construction in the USSR, 1924-1930"

The purpose of this paper is to examine the labor conflicts between printers and editors at Soviet newspapers between 1924 and 1930. These conflicts act as a window on the formation of Stalinist society and the suppression of alternative socialist discourses by the Bolshevik leadership. The paper also shows how printers avoided a direct challenge to the Soviet state and its managers by couching their demands for higher pay, better benefits, and greater control over production in terms of officially sanctioned practices of "criticism and self-criticism" rather than labor conflict. The simultaneous manufacture of a heroic narrative of socialist construction and the breaking of the printers’ union were part of a larger process of elite formation.

"Electoral Victories of Former Communist Parties in Eastern Europe:A Comparative Study"

During the period 1992-1995 "successor" parties derived from the former ruling Communist parties in Eastern Europe achieved a string of electoral victories, either removing from power or seriously threatening "reform" governments. While acknowledging the region-wide character of this phenomenon, typical empirical studies of the "Communist return" have focused on single-country cases and avoided an authentic comparative perspective. This paper seeks to explain the regional patterns of electoral support given to post-Communists by focusing on two selected cases of Poland and Russia. Using an explicitly comparative and political culture-centered perspective it is argued that historical patterns of settlement and migration coupled with particular structural-economic factors explain the existence of distinctly regional political cultures of Northern and Western Poland and Southern Russia.

"Portrayal of the Battle of Stalingrad in Vassily Grossman’s "Life and Fate"

This presentation examines the portrayal of the battle of Stalingrad and presents it as a character of the novel itself. The paper demonstrates that the battle played the key role in expressing Grossman’s philosophy of "good" and "evil". Two versions of the ideal of "goodness" in Grossman’s novel are studied: "goodness" as an ideal of the State for which an individual human life represents nothing important; and the "little goodness" of any given individual. The battle of Stalingrad is depicted as the focus of the novel exactly because it allows Grossman to present the clash of these two types of "goodness". Here the ideals of the State and the desires of all people who lived through this event come together in one united wish for freedom. The paper explores the two types of freedom and the discrepancies between them in the novel as Grossman understands them.

"Modernization and Crisis: Some Roots of Russia’s Present Crisis"

The discussion about the Russian crisis often takes the form of a debate whether too little or too much of market reforms produced this situation. But such a debate evades the problem of how Russia historically arrived at its present situation. The crisis in Russia is something much greater than a monetary/banking/financial one, as is frequently believed. It is not only economic, but also social, political, and probably cultural. Its main roots lie in the fact that Russia is undergoing in a most distorted, painful, and tortuous way, the process of modernization for the fourth time since the second half of the nineteenth century. To analyze the present crisis from this perspective, to show how it reflects in the economic, social, and political fields is the aim of this paper.

"American Science and Soviet Collectivization: Partners in Crime?"

This paper explores the relationship between American and Russian Soil Science as it affected Collectivization planning and implementation of collectivizing measures in the 1930s. One scientist Nikolai Tulaikov, played a critical role in the transfer of American theory and practice to the Russian experience. Having studied in the United States prior to World War I, the Bolsheviks sent Tulaikov back to America to investigate agricultural research centers there. Tulaikov participated in planning and implementing collectivization on his return to the Soviet Union. This paper focuses on the Soviet attempt to incorporate American scientific ideas and practices into the new agricultural system. It also directs new attention to the scientific base of collectivization.

"War and the Nationalization of Russian Masculinity

The paper addresses the increasingly homogenous approach taken by military and cultural figures toward young men during World War I and the Russian Civil War. It focuses in particular on the desire to instill a uniform bodily and ethical ideal for young Russian men and the rapid growth of institutions to promote those ideals.

"Ethnic Tensions and the Leadership Vacuum within the Yugoslav Government-in-Exile, 1941-1945"

Much has been written about Yugoslavia during the Second World War. Ethnic tension between the Serbs and Croats paralyzed the Yugoslav government from early 1939 on into the war. By the end of the war the British government had abandoned attempts to support a coalition of the exile leaders with Tito and threw their support instead behind Tito. A post-Cold War analysis of Serb-Croat tension from 1939-1945 will add to our understanding of the effect of ethnic tension on the decline of Yugoslavia then and more recently, and the response of the international community.

"Babel’s ‘Take’ on Violence: Abjection, Fetishism, or Horror?"

On my first and each subsequent reading of both Babel’s Dnevnik 1920 g. and Konarmiia, what has always been in the foreground is the question "why?" Why did Babel join a Cossack army unit that was fighting in an area with a significant Jewish population, knowing that they would be subject to harassment, torture, rape, plunder, or violent death (where "they" signified "Other" for both Cossack and Pole, but not for Babel, himself a Jew)? Why, when for his own "security", joining Budenny’s First Cavalry entailed assuming a pseudonym? Why relive the violence that he had undoubtably experienced firsthand as a boy in the Ukraine? The answer must be more complex than just "the unbridled curiosity with which he scrutinized life and people." This paper posits a possible thesis - that of (re-)construction of self (as Jew/Soviet/Author) - for Babel’s projection of self into the theater of violence that was the Civil War.

"Edith Durham: The Rebecca West of Albania"

Edith Durham and Rebecca West were both travellers to the Balkans in the early part of this century. In many ways Edith Durham’s accomplishments were more impressive than Rebecca West’s because Durham travelled to Albania. Like today, Albania was less accessible than Yugoslavia; travel there was both more difficult and more dangerous. Rebecca West has achieved fame largely through her book Black Lamb and Gray Falcon. Edith Durham’s books were not bestsellers, but her accomplishments as a traveller and anthropologist were no less impressive.

"Including the Student in Academic Discourse"

This paper describes the role of advising in bringing students within the purview of academic decision-making both for themselves and for the university. At Wisconsin the advising and inclusion are primarily provided by the faculty in Criminal Justice and Sociology. AT CSUDH, the Undergraduate Advising Center plays a major role in creating possibilities for the integration of student roles in curriculum and outcomes.

This paper examines the dominant role the caste system played in the foundation of a distinct social order in India in past centuries before it was affected by recent development. The work represents an attempt to better understand how this unique system was perpetuated. To do this we utilize a modified version of the theory of "structural ritualization" to study the dynamics of the caste system. It is an extension of the original theory of "structural ritualization" (Knottnerus 1997). The theory of "structural ritualization" is concerned with an important aspect of social action or more generally social life; habituation, routinization, or more precisely, ritualized symbolic practices which refer to regularly engaged in or habitual social practices which are grounded in actors’ cognitive schemes or structures. The theory focuses on the role ritualization plays in the formation, reproduction and transformation of social structure in groups embedded or nested within a larger social environment.

"The Contemporary Challenge of Status Offenders: How Should the Juvenile Justice System Respond to this Growing Issue?"

The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 requires the separation of status offenders from other juvenile delinquents. A status offense pertains to juveniles who would not be arrested for an act if they were adults. Some of the most common examples are: truancy, breaking curfew, running away, being out of control of parents or guardians, and incorrigibility. According to the 1974 Act, if a state does not comply with this law, it will lose grant funding. In many states, though, law enforcement agencies have been able to bypass this law by arresting juveniles for similar offenses that are not status offenses. The 1992 revisions of the 1974 Act created a new group of status offenders with the influx of curfew laws. Recently, New York passed legislation dictating that status offenders be separated completely from the juvenile court system, while other states have created tougher legislation dealing with status offenses. This article looks at the complexity of separating status offenders from regular juvenile delinquents because of the large numbers of pre-adolescents who soon will explode into the adolescent age range. Therefore, we have to ask: should states emulate the New York position or "get tough" with status offenders?

Weber’s account of the rationalization of belief stemming from the inner direction of early Protestantism led him, at the conclusion of The Protestant Ethic, to a point of indeterminacy. However, with his penetrating analysis it was possible to determine the fate of spiritual life in Western, industrialized societies in its present state of historical development. Weber did not offer any solid projections beyond this. With the additional Durkheimian notion of the "cult of man," it becomes possible to predict the continuing growth and importance of the New Age Movement. Central beliefs and rational trends of this movement are described, around the central thesis that a latent function is the "reenchantment of the world," this serving for its adherents a purpose similar to that of more fully-defined religious systems of belief.

This paper capitalizes on the advantage of our gerontology program and all its contacts with the senior community. Dr. Raphael supervises our campus Older Adult Center, and works extensively with our graduate students in gerontology. Through their efforts we have extended our outreach to seniors. Sometimes the seniors aid us in reaching the young people, sometimes they are instrumental in expanding our communication within the community, through both religious and secular organizations.

This paper describes an approach to working with community participants through photography, a less intimidating medium than academic articles. Both an historical and a descriptive approach are used to convey present community needs and possibilities for coping with them.

Findings show that most subjects objected to the organization’s purposive and coercive transformation of the self through (1) indoctrination (2) encapsulation (3) ego deflation at depth (4) the claim that abstinence was organizational rather than a personal accomplishment (5) the invalidation of subjective suffering and (6) labeling and stigmatization. The process of disaffiliation coincided with a rejection of A.A.’s definition of the self as diseased, powerless, and immoral and the acceptance of a more autonomous and positive affirmation of the self.

Much of the current research on crime focuses on means of forestalling associations with neighborhood activity that often terminate in violence and criminal activity. Some of this work is with youth and gang involvement, some with young gang members growing into maturity in areas that offer so many ties to crime and violence. This paper describes a project that engages the academic community in public discourse, through a university forum on the Web. Issues such as fairness, justice, equal access are part of the site’s mission. It gives students and community members practice in the skills required for public discourse and includes faculty in that discourse.

The transition from the student role to the professional role is a liminal process. It is a pocess characterized by doubt, confusion, ambiguity, and uncertainty in which the self that was once embedded in the student role within academic must, upon matriculation, emerge into a professional world. Moreover, the transformation of self may be impacted by one’s gender and class in relation to a link between the past self and the potential future self. This transformation from one set of norms and roles to another can involve a stage of uncertainty or crisis. The theoretical basis of this work draws from Victor Turner and Arnold Van Gennep’s work on liminality. Furthermore, George Herbert Mead’s work on the self and Emile Durkheim’s work on anomie are incorporated to conceptualize the "liminal self process." Experiential methodology that is decidedly feminist in origin is helpful in illustrating this transformative process.

An investigation of who was excluded in the canons of sociology and who was charged with the creation of legitimate knowledge in the history of American sociology reveals that the degree to which theorists have been included in sociological history is in direct proportion to the degree to which they have uncritically adopted and represented the values of the status quo. For example, the voices of Karl Marx, who was critical of class, and W.E.B. Dubois, who was critical of race/ethnicity, were notably left out of the sociological tradition until recently (Ritzer 1996). The fact that early women theorists have been systematically erased from the canons of sociological history is illustrative of "the power of gender politics within the discipline of sociology and to sociology’s essentially unreflective and uncritical interpretation of its own practices" (Ritzer 1996:60). Within the scope of this paper, the authors investigate the perception of sociology undergraduate students regarding their place in the discipline in relation to exclusion or inclusion of female sociologists.

Despite changes over the past 40 years to improve health status for Americans, the relationship between socioeconomic status and health status still remains a major concern to health care researchers. This paper reviews studies that emphasize the relationship between education, income, and health status. More recent studies suggest the impact of psychosocial factors including health behaviors, stress, social ties, and attitude-orientation and social-psychological factors. Other structural conditions such as inadequate medical care, access to physicians, and quality physician services are discussed.

This paper focuses on outreach to non-university participants in discourse relating to major social issues. We have included, much as was done in Women’s Way of Knowing, students who are part of non-traditional programs, including home placements from juvenile justice, for the purpose of providing them with more traditional communication skills and providing a forum in which they can practice such skills. We also include outreach to local schools and to service groups, and are presently working on the definition and implementation of newly defined communities that include, but are by no means limited to, new technological advances, such as the Internet and e-mail.

The politics of Plato’s Republic has long eluded scholars, in part because of its dialogic form, but also because connections have been neglected between the Republic’s apparent or false-apparent (inherently faulted) utopianism and the more practical, strategic and class-responsive politics developed in Plato’s later works, the Statesman and the Laws. Refocussing the balance of these writings helps locate Plato’s teaching in the realist tradition of social theory, to be found, for example, in Machiavelli and Hobbes, while adding clarity to the anti-democratic nature of the Socratic class project. For Plato, as for later realists, the politics of the theory is made evident by bringing into relief certain assumptions which have been taken for granted, or which, for reasons of prudence, have been deliberately suppressed.

In his influential work, The Possibility of Naturalism, Roy Bhaskar uses his transcendental realist method to deduce what characteristics individuals and societies must have if social scientific knowledge is to remain viable. In the course of this "transcendental deduction," he develops what he calls "The Transformation Model of the Society/Individual Connection." The core of Bhaskar’s model is the mutual, dialectical reproduction of person and society. That is, on the one hand, society "creates" the individual through the mediations of socialization and social control. On the other hand, individuals through the mediation of their own cooperative labor and communicative competencies reproduce and, on occasion, transform the very social institutions that specify their everyday modes of existence. Implicit in Bhaskar’s "Transformational Model" are references to historical time and human agency. The present paper further develops Bhaskar’s argument by explicitly introducing an added set of dialectical mediations to his transformational model--i.e., the elements of history, agency, biography, and community structure. The vehicle for this expansion is Georg Simmel’s model of cultural production and individual self-cultivation. For Simmel these are dialectically linked processes by which men and women appropriate culture for their own spiritual end, and in doing so simultaneously reproduce in expanded form the culture itself.

"The Diagnostic Validity of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and its Relationship to Depressive Symptomatology: A Social-Psychological Interpretation"

Research findings reported in this paper are based on a stratified random survey of 446 Latino (Mexican and Mexican-American) respondents residing in the El Paso, Texas SMSA. The goals of this research are two-fold: first, to ascertain whether one or both of these forms of psychological distress is empirically distinct from the other; and secondly, to address the minority status (location in class niche) vs. ethnic culture debate concerning the etiology of psychological distress. In order to construct two "purified" psychological distress variables (generalized anxiety and generalized depression) effects of anxiety were partialed out from depression and vice versa. The minority status vs. ethnic culture debate was put to a critical test through a canonical correlation analysis in which the variate containing a number of independent variables was correlated with the anxiety and depression variate in "purified" form. The construction of "pure measures" of anxiety and depression indicates that generalized depression is indeed an empirically distinct form of psychological distress. However, the same cannot be said for generalized anxiety. This outcome indicates that persons who are anxious also tend to be depressed. However, persons who are depressed are not necessarily anxious. Our research findings also indicate strong support for the ethnic status argument.

Normalization theory (Nirje 1980) suggests that individuals with developmental disabilities have the right to live in an environment which is as similar as possible to the norms and patterns of mainstream society. In accordance with this body of literature, deinstitutionalization of individuals with developmental disabilities has occurred increasingly in the last 15 years. As a result interest has grown in the relationship between size of placement in community residences and quality of life issues with this unique population. The purpose of this study was to determine whether small group homes of one to six persons provide a higher quality of life environment than large group homes of seven to twelve members. Four variables were used to assess quality of life: independence, integration, consumer satisfaction, and productivity. Data were obtained from 410 caregivers of and individuals with developmental disabilities living in Oklahoma group homes. T-tests were used to determine whether measures of quality of life were significantly different between the two types of group homes. Results suggest that individuals with developmental disabilities have greater overall satisfaction and higher quality of life in larger group homes.

The problems of subjective canons of truth and bias have haunted the social sciences from their very inception. Positivists have traditionally minimized these issues by arguing that methodological rigor, when faithfully observed, can assure the objective status of scientific truths. Positivism’s mirror-image in the social sciences, cultural hermeneutics or interpretive theory, argues the opposite position. For interpretive methodology, subjectively articulated truths and "biases," far from being pitfalls to be avoided, form the very core of social life, and , hence constitute the very essence of social scientific knowledge. Recently, Michael Lynch and David Bogen have used a sociology of knowledge approach to argue the latter position. Using the idea of "Epistemic Flattening," they argue against the positivist assertion that social scientists should privilege truth claims made in the name of universally valid laws. Such efforts, they claim, are ultimately "asociological" and are wholly inappropriate given the subjective constitution of sociological reality. This study takes issue with these assertions. It uses the critical naturalist perspective developed by the British philosopher of science, Roy Bhaskar, to critique the concept of "epistemic flattening" and the claims made in its name. It argues that epistemic flattening is little more than a post-structuralist attempt to create a new hierarchy of privileged truths, not, as the authors claim, an effort to create a more "democratic," "postmodern" social science.

In the academic field of English there are three major theories or schools of thought on composition (the teaching of writing); the Expressivist, the Social Constructivist, and the Cognitivist. Critical Realism will be used in this study to critique each theory to ascertain the implicit as well as explicit assumptions each makes regarding knowledge and reality. These assumptions will then be compared with their corresponding pedagogical goals to demonstrate that, at the theoretical level, the epistemological and ontological assumptions of each school of thought are incompatible with their pedagogical goals. Some suggestions will then be given on how to avoid these theoretical/practical dissonances.

This study chronicles the birth of the American Homosexual Emancipation Movement from its historical beginnings on both the East and West Coasts. The Pre-Stonewall gay rights movement in the United States developed in reaction to the harsh discriminatory policies of McCarthy era politics in which gays and lesbians were fired from state and federal government jobs. The Stonewall Riots would not have had the electrifying effect it did, if pioneering advocates of equal rights for homosexuals such as Henry Hay and Frank Kameny had not worked from 1950-1969 to lay the groundwork for a broader movement. Movement strategies and tactics such as petitioning the larger "gay and lesbian community" who were at first and understandably so afraid to name themselves clearly had an effect on the formation of the U.S.A. homophile movement. Other scientific and literary texts such as the simultaneous publication of the famous Kinsey Reports in 1948 and the longing for gay and lesbian visibility in literature and film undoubtedly helped the early movement along. The works of Dr. Evelyn Hooker contested the medical model of homosexuality and helped to create a new social identity of "Gay Pride" instead of the pathological consequences of shame and invisibility. This study will examine the rocky social landscape out of which the gay and lesbian movement emerged in the United States between the years of 1948-1969.

So-called "speculation" played a key role in the early globalization of capital in the nineteenth century; and, at the same moment, a different kind of speculation loomed large in the trailblazing philosophy of the same period. In this paper I will explore the significance of this double development, arguing that, in both forms, "speculation" held up a mirror to the age.

One of the ostensible features of popular culture in recent years has been the increasing popularity of tattoos among middle-class baby-boomers and the youth of Generation X. Some researchers have suggested that the professionalization of the tattoo industry coupled with identity issues, have propelled this phenomenon to a "cultic status." Without entering the debate, this research draws from the rich tradition of collective behavior, focusing on issues of unity and differentiation as it relates to motives, fads, and fashion. The data were collected from small communities in central Louisiana through the use of in-depth interviews and participant observation. After coding and analyzing the data, the researchers outline four distinct categories of motives. These motives include first-timers, seekers, joiners, and collectors.

Family interaction can form a basic network that builds trust and responsibility. The interpersonal relationships within a family establish the beliefs, attitudes, and values which enhance the well-being of individuals. Accountability is an essential element which is part of the interaction of family members. For school age individuals, situations involving peer pressure, relationships, school progress, work-related questions, and participating in school activities have been investigated in regard to the assumption of accountability. Career choices, ethical questions in the world of work, and marital successes and failures are areas discussed within the family context of accountability. Family interaction is important to engage individuals in defining accountability.

The responsibility of a superstar can encompass multiple aspects of accountability. The general public may look upon a superstar as the CEO of a company; a talented athlete who is a superstar in his or her sport; a world class musician or dancer; a movie or rock star; or a political leader. However society defines that prominent individual, the accountability of actions and words will indicate the degree of responsibility which that individual feels toward that public. In some cases, the superstar cannot cope with the demands made by the public and simply relinquishes control by leaving the spotlight or retiring. Some athletes or movie stars have said they do not wish to lose their privacy and try to stay out of the public’s view. Careful consideration must be given to individual goals; but if a person assumes the role of superstar, it is very important that accountability not be readily dismissed. The public may expect and rely upon the social superstar to represent admirable traits at all times. To inspire the confidence of admirers and the general public, social superstars should demonstrate accountability.

This paper examines the theoretical literature that looks at the role primary groups play as cause or constraint of deviant behavior, including brutal acts of murder and reasons for such heinous crimes. The development of the self and self-concept, and how these are projected originate early in life, mainly in the primary group. The sociological implications of little or no familial interaction may possibly result in negative adolescent behavior. The socialization of functioning relates to internalized concept development and the projection of image. The confirmation one receives of the projected image has sociological implications, which will bode well as the projected image is accepted by both self and others. However, if the projected image is rejected, the individual modifies the image until it is accepted or s/he finds a group by which it is accepted. In the event that the image is totally rejected, the individual will exhibit behavior that can have detrimental consequences for self as well as those in both the self’s primary and secondary groups.

Sociological theories of the state have failed to explicitly examine the interaction between state and federal laws. Yet, this is an important area of inquiry given the dual nature of many regulations in the United States. Banking in the United States has historically been characterized by a dual system, with both the federal and state governments regulating banks. However, with the passage of the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994, banking regulation has undergone a fundamental transformation. The overall effect of this act on banking regulation is an erosion of the dual bank system and a push towards a federally-dominated banking system. I employ an historical case study methodology to examine the ability of various state theories to explain the policy process surrounding this legislation.

After the release of his Antichrist Superstar album singer Marilyn Manson became American pop culture’s Public Enemy #1. His Dead to the World tour was besieged by protests after much-exaggerated rumors flew regarding concert behavior. Rumors of Manson handing out drugs at his shows, performing live sex acts, sacrificing animals and leading devil-worship rituals appear to be basis for a widespread Moral Panic lead by Fundamentalist Christian groups. New technologies became a networking tool to provide transmission of repertoire’s of contention to possible protesters. Mass media influenced the shifting terrain of hegemony as competing symbolic universes vied to bring their visions, interests and agendas to public discourse. This paper analyzes the rhetorical content of the mediated messages used by these groups to foment the panic. It gives us a basis from which to examine this phenomenon as an emergent Social Movement.

"Changing Economies and Health Providers in Ghana: Itinerant Drug Vendors as a HealthResource"

Difficult economic crisis forced by structural adjustment and economic mismanagement has led to imposition of user fees and overall poorer quality of service in government health facilities in Ghana. Nevertheless, the major causes of morbidity such as malaria, tuberculosis, diarrhoea and others create an ever-increasing demand for health services. Itinerant Drug Vendors (IDVs) have emerged as a new breed of health providers to serve those who are unable to reach or afford government or private health care. This study reports on a questionnaire survey of 500 IDVs practicing in urban and rural regions of southern Ghana. The results suggest that IDVs are more widely used than previously thought, but require new health serviced delivery policies. The study explores policy options available to the keywords: structural adjustment, drug-vendors, health-policy.

The continuing inadequacy of health services in Sub-Saharan Africa has led to greater scrutiny of health care systems and greater openness to alternative forms of service delivery. This study looks at the role of women in health care and explores their potential in both formal and informal sectors of health care delivery systems. A survey of more than 500 men and women self-employed as drug vendors in Ghana reveals both expected differences in sexual division of labor as well as challenges to traditional notions of the role of African women. In on of Africa’s least paternalistic countries women are active in entrepreneurial health delivery, although they tend to be more likely to express altruistic reasons for doing so.

Does redefining domestic problems of First-World states as global problems undermine democratic control and national autonomy in the third-World? Looking at the case of the United States’ "war on drugs" in Bolivia, I argue that the "war" being waged is not simply about drugs, but is also about international and domestic policy construction related to democracy, international institutional agendas, post-war geo-politics, trade relations, development and human rights. I examine the roles that are occupied by different actors--including the governments, militaries and policymakers of both states, the Bolivian peasantry, the international finance community, the United Nations and NGOs--and the different stakes that each of them holds within the "war." By examining the perspectives adopted and actions taken by these different actors, I argue that "war" has helped produce in Bolivia a distorted economy, a debilitated democracy and civil society, and an increasingly precarious position in international affairs.

Examined is the regional variations in reproductive health. It has been argued that the differences among nations in terms of reproductive health are a function of social structural factors. We attempt to show that this argument is perhaps misspecified. We argue that there are cultural differences which are equally important. We analyze data from 125 developing countries and attempt to show that regional variations which remain after controlling for social structural factors indicate the importance of cultural variations in reproductive health.

The Human Services Program at CSUDH is instrumental in drawing on a variety of community resources to discuss the major issues facing the community for which public discourse is essential. These include problems of adjusting to mid-life to late-life transitions to new life styles and patterns of living, the containment of violence in the community in face of recent modern metropolitan concerns, the concerns of the community for domestic violence, non-reported as well as reported. These are issues that need forums for discussion that are shared across the community. That is one of the major roles of Dear Habermas, to provide such a forum. This paper addresses the barriers encountered and the factors that have aided us in overcoming them.

Public health and community service organizations such as the American Cancer Society, American Heart Association and Hope Heart Institute publish and distribute a variety of literature designed to help people stop smoking. Putatively, the literature is applicable for a variety of settings, including cessation programs that target at-risk adolescents. This literature, however, contains text and images which reflect a bias toward the white middle class, particularly adult males. Literal and subversive readings of a sample of 14 literature pieces revealed a three-fold pattern linked to the underlying bias: 1) Decontextualization of smoking as an individual pathology; 2) alternatives to smoking that depend upon access to certain forms of social capital; and 3) photographs and illustrations that primarily depict cessation as the domain of white, middle-class males. These embedded biases form a type of "hidden curriculum" that undermines the literature’s applicability to at-risk adolescents and may, in fact, subtly normalize at-risk youths’ cigarette smoking.

Based on document analysis and in-depth interviews with 80 respondents I examine activism in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Residents have a history of involvement in such movements as civil rights, peace, and the environment. However, residents have not mobilized around local environmental problems despite a fifty year legacy of contamination from nuclear weapons production. Drawing from literature on high risk activism I examine the importance of risk in explaining environmental quiescence surrounding local contamination issues. I argue for the utility of a risk continuum in understanding grassroots environmental resistance.

Described is an investigation of the current ethos of women’s paid work force participation among immigrant Asian Indian women in the United States, most of whom are middle class, college-educated, employed, and married, but in most cases, wives whose husbands were the primary/"real" immigrants. This in-depth phone-interview study of 20 women residing in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex was conducted in 1997. Discussed is a glimpse of the changing gender role attitudes and behavior of first generation Asian Indian women who are in the United States work force. Included are broader issues such as the globalization of normative work-force participation for women and the creation of a world-wide "international professional-managerial class." The one outstanding characteristic that the 20 women respondents share is the centrality of waged work in their lives today. No matter what life course and point in their lives brought them to the United States, or how diverse their early biographies, waged work seems to have become a part of their diasporic identity--an identity they are reluctant to give up.

From ancient Greece to "postmodernity," it has been the conventional wisdom of the patriciate that reason is beyond the grasp of the plebs. In the present age of extremes, however, this conventional claim has been split at the root. Now, the epistemological elitism of the Aristotelian tradition--which rests on the premise that reason is the exclusive preserve of the rulers--has been challenged by an epistemologically nihilist literati, which "democratizes" the denial of reason by extending it to rulers as well as ruled.

The term "telecommuting" was likely unheard of ten, or perhaps even five years ago. However, advanced technology and more affordable home computers afford a perceived freedom, through telecommuting, for many working women in today’s workforce. Today many people can work from their homes, connecting to the office through their personal computers, modems, and various networks. The very freedom from negative factors associated with the workplace may instead become problematic. For example, expedition of household chores may become the sole responsibility of a women who "works" at home merely because she is there most or all of the day. This paper will discuss the positive and negative aspects of telecommuting and offer suggestions for its success.

Beginning with a peer type relationship, this paper explores and follows the emotions of jealousy, anger, happiness, trust/loyalty, and sadness from a non-intimate relationship such as classmates through the dating process into marriage. Examined is a hypothetical couple moving from acquaintance into friendship, through the dating process, into engagement, cohabitation, and finally into marriage. The goal is to determine and demonstrate how the perceptions of the self’s emotions as well as the perceptions for the other’s emotions differ depending on the stage of the relationship and the gender of partner. For example, the way that each of these emotions is displayed and experienced early in a non-intimate relationship may be very different than the way they would be displayed in a long-term marriage, and also differ depending on gender differences in perspective. The focus is on shared emotions and how emotion work enables a couple to effectively negotiate their daily interactions.

Jessie Bernard’s conclusions that "his marriage is better than hers" and that "marriage is bad for women" still appear in sociology of the family textbooks. This paper documents the popularity of her assertions and examines their validity. Data from the NORC’s General Social Survey and other sources generally fail to confirm Bernard’s findings. Reasons for the perpetuation of her conclusions seem to be based more on political than empirical grounds.

Recently, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, in cooperation with the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, issued the first Federal clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The determination involved a lower threshold for overweight than had been employed in the Healthy People 2000 guidelines, yielding a substantially larger number of people who would be diagnosed as being overweight. The objective of this study is to evaluate subgroup differences in the likelihood of being somewhat and severely overweight, given the Healthy People 2000 and the more recent thresholds. The analysis is based on data from the 1996 Utah Health Status Survey of nearly 13,000 Utah adults. The analysis is centered on subgroups, defined by

age, gender, marital status, education, employment status, income, and residence.

This paper uses federal data (collected under the provisions of the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act) to examine the extent of racial bias in the granting of mortgage loans in Fresno holding constant the annual incomes of the applicants and the minority composition of the census tracts in which the property was located.

The word "proactive" is common in literature; according to Covey, it is more than merely taking initiative. It is taking responsibility for our lives. Behavior is a function of decisions rather than just conditions. Proactive people are influenced by external stimuli such as physical, social or psychological. Yet, response to stimuli is a value-based choice response. Eleanor Roosevelt lived this response as she declared "No one can hurt you without your consent." In the words of Gandhi, "They cannot take away our self respect if we do not give it to them." It is willing permission, consent to what happens to us, that hurts far more than what happened in the first place. In other words, it is not so much what happens to a person, but his response to what happened that can hurt. Frankl revealed that difficult circumstances often create paradigm shifts. Frame of reference and perception choices result in proactive responses. This study seeks to examine reactive and proactive behavioral responses. It seeks to show correlation between language and behavior. Included in methods are survey, analysis; and findings concerning proactive behaviors.

The Internet (www/Information Highway) has been referred to as the world’s largest library. As a global collection of interlinked computer networks, it includes everything from e-mail to World Wide Web. The Internet is different from libraries in that it has none of the following: central information desk, librarians, catalogues or reference sections. There is no person nor department in charge of selecting new materials and regulating high quality. When we research in a library the material has been evaluated in one way or another before it is available to the researcher. Books, magazines and journals have gone through editorial procedures to determine whether any certain work should be published. When a work is published, it has to be approved by acquisitions staff before it is included in a library. The Internet is extremely different. There are some qualified trusted resources on the World Wide Web. Examples of credible works are government records, newspaper articles, research reports, etc. Web documents are different in that they exist only in electronic form. Few of these documents/materials have had any form of editorial review that is designed to assure a basic level of reliability in printed works. This study seeks to examine the Internet as to whether it would pass the truth test that Plato instituted in classical times. The test includes truth as authoritative; truth as situational; truth as general agreed knowledge; and truth as outdated knowledge. Included in methods for this study are survey, analysis, and findings.

Most adults in a Southern California metropolitan area random sample endorsed capital punishment. Individuals’ fear of crime victimization were substantial. Fears of victimization, however, were unrelated to capital punishment. The present study does not support the assumption that increase in fears of crime victimization is responsible for more support of capital punishment.

Juvenile boot camps have proliferated since the OJJDP’s three pilot programs in 1993. Programs differ in various ways, including: how strictly they adhere to the original military model; the background of juveniles accepted; the length of the camps; capacity; cost per juvenile; amount and type of aftercare; and, recidivism rates. Insufficient data exist to make definitive judgments as to effectiveness, but a survey of the literature shows that they are less effective than the public believes. The original idea for adult boot camps incorporated goals of a cost-efficient alternative to incarceration and reduction in recidivism. Juvenile boot camps are more costly than most other options, and with rare exceptions recidivism rates are extremely disappointing. Boot camps could prove to be a valuable tool in juvenile justice, but we need stricter assessment and evaluation methods before spending enormous sums o money on programs that seem more politically appealing than effective.

Periods of time are often marked by particular "public philosophies" which are summary ideas that circumscribe what is acceptable in public discourse and policy proposals. In this paper, the decade of the 1980's often characterized in terms of anti-interventionism by the government in social problems is examined for its impact on child homicide (sometimes used as an indicator for general social welfare).

The relationship between self-esteem and group membership prestige of secondary school students was studied by surveying 835 high school students in three public high schools located in Metropolitan Nashville, Tennessee. The survey focused on students’ self-esteem and their perceptions of the level of prestige and privileges assigned to 41 officially sanctioned school organizations. The study’s central hypothesis was confirmed. It was found that membership in at least one school sponsored organization raised the student’s self-esteem and that the prestige of group membership increased the level of self-esteem. Mothers educational attainment was also found to significantly raise the self-esteem of the student. An anomalous finding is that organizations perceived by students to hold the most prestige are not perceived to receive a great number of privileges from teachers and school administrators. In fact, the reverse is true. This work is assessed by reviewing works relating to occupational prestige in the United States.

AIDS research in Africa has convincingly demonstrated that the incidence of HIV infection is alarmingly high and widespread. Unfortunately, this research has been plagued by inadequate sampling, over-generalization, and Eurocentric bias. This bias leads to a number of misperceptions that threaten to mislead important policy decisions. This review of existing research attempts to point out the most important of those shortcomings and sets an agenda for future AIDS research in Africa.

"Vested Interests and the Bureaucratization of the Trade Policy-Formation Process: an Analysis of the 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act"

I examine the historical emergence of the 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, a landmark policy that shifted control of trade policy legislation from Congress to the Executive Branch. I argue that an understanding of contemporary trade politics (e.g., the debate over fast track) requires an examination of the emergence of those political organizations within which the process occurs. I use Weber’s ideal-type conception of bureaucracy to propose hypotheses concerning the emergence of a bureaucratic trade organization within the Executive Branch and the political consequences of this shift in the trade policy process. The central question to be analyzed is whether bureaucratization leads to an autonomous state organization that formulates trade policy independent from societal groups, or, whether bureaucratization leads to the influence of some societal groups to the exclusion of others. The goal of the research is to reveal how Weber’s concept of bureaucracy provides a framework for the advancement of state theory beyond the state-centered/society-centered debate.

Sociologists of work and the labor process have long been familiar with the problem of the separation of conception and execution as laid out by Marx and Braverman. Little attention has been focused, however, on Hegel’s thinking on this subject. In this paper I will shed light on this neglected affinity between Hegel, his precursors, and the Marxist and Neo-Marxist tradition of labor-process analysis.

This paper looks at how the modern metropolis is depicted in three Film Noir motion pictures. More specifically, I consider how the films' directors use elevators to expose the city's spatial hierarchies. In The MalteseFalcon, Double Indemnity and Odds Against Tomorrow, characters move in a world dominated by economic forces. The alienated environment these forces create render real human contact impossible. But elevators present the hope of bringing characters together by physically connecting those who move in different worlds, often alone, pursuing similar goals of money and control.

Elevators are related to other machines that allow the city to function. Along with trolleys and telephones they hold out the promise of bridging the space between urban dwellers, of connecting street to interior, neighborhood to neighborhood. Despite this potential, elevators cannot overcome the alienating forces of modern urban society. In the end, they reinforce the city's spatial hierarchy and the isolation it creates.

"The Union Pacific Railway: Looking at Urban Development through Alexander Gardner's Railroad Stereographs"

In 1868, Alexander Gardner published a series of stereographs he had made along the line of the Union Pacific Railway in Kansas. Gardner's photographic record of the territory stretches from Wyandotte on the Missouri state line to Hays, where construction crews were pushing the terminus west to Denver. Gardner used his camera to present Kansas's landscape, its industries and its new cities to viewers back East, giving his customers an overview of development along the rail. This paper looks at how the photographer used his three-dimensional medium to describe changes along one of the major transcontinental routes. Moving from the boom cities of Leavenworth and Lawrence westward to Hays and Ellsworth, towns just emerging from the land, Gardner shows us different stages of urban growth. What unfolds is a story of the domestication of the prairie, as the railroad made its way west, carrying with it Eastern settlement patterns and culture.

Recent developments in the urban-architectural discourse(s) and the contemporary re-[trans]formations of "space" have extensively been [re]defined according to a more centered' histo-theoretical project which has abandoned the modernist desire for striation and spacialization, and is continually interrogating the post-modernist critical engagements with autonomy and intertextuality. These shifts have given rise to a wider network, a complex interdisciplinary web, within which socio-spatial practices are situated, and against which they gain certain coherence and cultural validity. By proposing different readings of socio-spatial (historionic) functions (and identities) based on a presupposition of a reality already in existence (represented in film narrative, in buildings or cities, in socio-cultural "events," in new "orders," etc.), this study aims not only to understand and [re]present such reality; rather, it attempts to identify the internal logic of its continuous re-[trans]formation(s). This study aims to find such logic within the themes of transcription, the rules of subjectivity and the transgressions of the "norm."

The Mall may be the place in America that is most public while remaining private. The birth of the privately owned Mall was the death of the public outdoor space - and of people's right to be different. Instead of lamenting that fact we should ask ourselves, "How could the Mall become a more meaningful place?" The shopping mall seems to be able to do what the atomized American church and other public institutions are not able to do—to gather a lot of people in one place. The most frequented place of a community is the Mall. It provides an important social space for seniors, families, children, and teens. At the Mall there is trade and social life. Why not politics? This paper explores the possibility of creating the American Agora—at the Mall—and the obstacles that come from the context of private property and private mechanisms of social control.

Architecture, planning and landscape architecture are studied through an analysis of intentions, values and priorities of human needs. Architecturally, we explore how the built environment reflects society's aims and priorities in specific historical and cultural contexts. Urbanistically, we study urban patterns and the underlying set of interactions that integrate land uses into the city system. In the realm of landscape architecture, we develop an understanding of the natural and manmade, of how to integrate site and structure. The Cultural Arts Initiative Studio has been engaged for three semesters, investigating several sites; one facing the urban riverfront and one facing historic Lorranger Square in Monroe, Michigan. The paper presentation will display the studio attempts to understand the existing fabric, its history and the intention of the city to "make Architecture" that is integrated into the urban context, yet apart in its design as a cultural gem.

"Supplementing Citizen Action in Growth Management Politics: Government Efforts in Northern Colorado"

Of late, there has been a growing body of literature in the area of growth management politics from the standpoint of local government's involvement in fostering effective citizen action. The literature contends that government action has been key in providing citizen groups with an effective structure within which coalitions favoring managed growth can compete on equal terms with their pro-growth counterparts. In Northern Colorado, such efforts by government officials have proved successful, in varying degrees, at creating master plans that address issues of controlled growth and the preservation of open space. This paper will apply relevant concepts and findings from the literature to political activities in Northern Colorado and, thus, provide a basis for considering how well these local efforts will hold up in the long run.

"An Urban Plaza for the west-side of Syracuse: collaborative projects as models for service learning, design education and community (re)development."

This paper deals with the viability and importance of interdisciplinary endeavors between design disciplines and community organizations. The School of Architecture and the Center for Public and Community Service at Syracuse University are working to establish a multi-disciplinary Urban Design Center at Syracuse University. The Urban Design Center undertakes research projects which investigate new methods to motivate and engage students in the design of the physical environment through "real world" design and hands-on community development. Center programs involve collaborative projects between graduate and undergraduate students working together with local neighborhood and community organizations in Syracuse. This paper highlights the challenges and benefits of this collaborative approach by focusing on the design of a public plaza in one of Syracuse's more impoverished neighborhoods as a model for future endeavors Eight local non-profit and community groups, 34 graduate and undergraduate students, city officials, community activists and representatives from professional architecture and landscape architecture organizations were involved.